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Horthy Miklós és Debrecen: a kormányzó debreceni diákságának története és látogatásai kormányzósága idején
13-39Views:1In my study, which has been written on the basis of books, archival sources and periodicals, you can read about Miklós Horthy’s visits to and his student years in Debrecen. During my research, Miklós Horthy’s childhood residence was discovered, which was located at today’s 8 Péterfia Street. He finished classes 3 and 4 as a fared student of the Debrecen College between 1876 and 1878 and then his father sent him to continue his studies in Sopron. He returned to the Civis city only as governor: first – as part of his country tour – on April 14, 1920, he visited the city “liberated” by the National Army. Next, on November 6, 1924, he travelled to Debrecen for the opening ceremony of the children’s clinic, then on October 17, 1926, to lay the foundation stone of the site for the medical college clinic, and to unveil the statue of István Tisza. The next date is June 3, 1927, when he arrived here for the laying of the foundation stone of the Tisza István University, and on the 10th of June, 1928, for the riding days organized by the Chamber of Agriculture of the Tiszántúl Region and for the inauguration of 80 soldiers. And lastly, on July 1, 1929, he came here to watch the 22nd National Song Contest. The contemporary press and the Telegraph Office only record the occasions described above as Miklós Horthy's official visits to Debrecen, but he might have returned to our town several times until October 15, 1944, as the governor also visited other villages and towns in Hajdú and Bihar counties. Finally, I present the Baltazár mansion in Bodaszőlő, which Miklós Horthy visited several times outside the officially registered days. -
Database of the Lord Lieutenants of Bihar County, 1920–1944
58-69Views:11During Miklós Horthy’s regency, the administrative structures of the counties and municipally
autonomous cities retained the structures established during the Dualist period, headed by lord
lieutenants. This structure remained in place until the introduction of the Soviet-style council system
in 1950. In the case of Bihar County, attempts have previously been made to identify the lord
lieutenants who held office between 1920 and 1944. However, the studies published to date have
not yielded satisfactory and comprehensive results. The present paper therefore draws on official,
state-published sources to identify the individuals who held this position during this period. In
addition, supplementary biographical and administrative data suitable for comparison are also
provided: the lord lieutenants’ dates and places of birth, religious affiliations, dates of appointment
and resignation, as well as their previous and subsequent administrative or political roles. -
Egy elfeledett politikai botrány története: Horthy kormányzó 1923-as karcagi beszéde
79-92Views:1The long-known axiom in the world of politics is that not only written but spoken word, too, has weight and power. This is even more so when the words of a representative statemajesty are echoed in his own political environment, among his antipodes, and in the public opinion of other nations. Even at an event with a so marginal role as the 1923 inauguration of yeomen in Karcag, a scandal can be born and get international echo, if the first man of the state, Governor Horthy, who had been considered as the cornerstone of the system of counter-revolution, makes his thoughts and conviction public bluntly in ecstasy. But what a labyrinthine way does the uncertain content of a speech in Karcag take to get into the attention of the National Assembly, and then Little Entente diplomats? How does what was said in Karcag make its way into press in Prague, Paris, and London? How does the history of an interwar press scandal develop, and how does state powercover it up when it swells into an already unpleasant size? And what did the infamous speech contain? The author aims to provide answers and explanations to all this – in the light of resources. -
Berettyóújfalui és Bihar vármegyei választások a két világháború között
7-19Views:1The historian profession has, by now, clarified that the so-called Horthy-regime was an
authoritarian political structure where one-party dominance prevailed but other political
trends could also organize themselves with relative freedom.
One of the most interesting feature of this system was the operation of the limited
parliamentary system, which was provided by the suffrage between 1922 and 1938.
Until 1938/39, all constituencies of Bihar county voted openly, just like in the county
seat town, Berettyóújfalu. The secret ballot was restored in 1938 (1938th XIX. Tc.) and
the last election of the era was held based on this in May 1939. Primarily due to the
open voting, Bihar was considered a ruling party side county, although during the
1930’s, some opposition political movements such as the support of Smallholders and
the far-right (Nazi) party were also in rise here, just like in many other counties of the
Great Plain region. -
Nagykőrös város helyzete a Horthy-korszakban
5-32Views:1The aim of my study is to process the barely presented slice of the history of Nagykőrös: the history of the place, society, economy and politics of Nagykőrös between the two world wars. Luckily, with the help of the abundant remaining archival material and knowledge of the literature, the study aims to create a picture of Nagykőrös, with which we can also seek answers to three major questions. The first question is how a market town struggles to survive the social and economic regression caused by World War I. The second is how the situation changes when the leadership of the town is concentrated in the hands of a worthy mayor with progressive economic and political aspirations. The third question is how the problems of the world economy, national conservative politics and local political battles tie the hands of the progressive mayor. The author of the study trusts the reader to judge if clear answers indeed have been found to these questions. -
A Magyar Tudományos Akadémia állami támogatása és a törvényhozás a két világháború közötti Magyarországon
68-77Views:1By 1920, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences was in a critical financial situation. The solution lay in increasing state subsidies, but the possibilities were limited due to the economic crisis that had lasted for years. Finally, in 1925, the institution received a one-time allocation, followed by regular, larger subsidies from the 1926/27 fiscal year onwards. The state subsidy was supported by all parties in parliament, but a debate arose among them about the role of the Academy and its relationship with the state. In the early 1930s, the amount of aid was significantly reduced, but due to the generous bequest of Count Ferenc Vigyázó, this had no significant negative impact. -
Adalékok a szélsőjobboldal Bihar vármegyei történetéhez
83-96Views:1We know very little about the history of the extreme right in Bihar, the literature has never dealt with it, just like what the case was with other areas. Bihar county never belonged to the nests of the extreme right (unlike Zala, Szabolcs, or the not very far-off city of Debrecen). Nevertheless, three important events can be emphasized. One is that the main delegate of the Scythe Cross movement was from Bihar and wanted to clear theground for their ’military’ putsch in Bihar. The second event was that here was the first time that a candidate with a National Socialist programme ran for office at an interim parliamentary election. And last, the last open election of the Hungarian history took place here: it was an interim election in 1939, less than 4 months before the first and at the same time last secret parliamentary election of the era, at which one of the candidates was a National Socialist candidate. I aim to deal with these topics, enumerating a couple of pieces of data first as an introduction about the extreme right embedded nature of the county. Next, I introduce the sued Lajos Hatvani, who lived through the lawsuits against scythe crossers as the mainaccused person. In the third section, I review the interim elections of September 1933 and 2nd February 1939. In 1933, Zoltán Böszörmény himself, the leader of the scythe crossers, ran inefficiently, and in 1939, there were two challengers of the ruling party: a yeoman and an arrow-crosser also ran. The day of the latter election, as it turns out from the press of the period, was rather eventful, and it provides a great report on the political arrangement of the Horthy Era. -
Adalékok a berettyóújfalui választókerület 1848 és 1939 közötti történetéhez
48-65Views:1Reviewing the history of Hungarian parliamentary and national assembly election processes reveals numerous regional differences in the development of political life; different experiences shaped public affairs in cities and the countryside, which are less apparent at the macro level. This study aims to provide an overview of the Berettyóújfalu electoral district in Bihar County from the introduction of the popular representation system to the last election of the Horthy era, i.e., from 1848 to 1939. The main sources for this overview are the latest specialized literature, archival data, and contemporary press reports. This analysis describes the territorial changes of the electoral district, the evolution of the number of eligible voters, and the identity and party affiliations of the candidate representatives. These three aspects proved suitable for revealing patterns that also delineate new directions for research. -
Bihari, Debrecen környéki és érmelléki lelkészek társadalmi jellemzői 1942-ben
39-51Views:1The areas Hungary gained back from Czechoslovakia and Romania between 1938 and 1940 considerably expanded the formerly split Reformed Church District of Tiszántúl. This justified the enumeration of the parishes and pastors, which was ordered by the 6712/1941 episcopal circular. By the examination of the source material made available thereby, I undertake to process the autobiographies – mostly from 1942 – of pastors from Debrecen’s neighbourhood, Érmellék, and the dioceses of Bihar from a social historical point of view. I draw conclusions for the history of the ecclesiastical society based on the analysis of altogether 114 autobiographies from the 3 studied dioceses. In the first analytical unit of the study, I examine the age and place of birth of the pastors. Next, starting out from the professions of the fathers, I study which layer of society the pastors might have had come from. In the last section of the study, I analyse the educational areas of the pastors writing the autobiographies. -
Kutatócsoport alapítása a Debreceni Királyi Törvényszéki Fogház iratanyagának hasznosításához (1933–1944)
5-27Views:1Our study presents potential guideline policies on how to utilize the mass emitted sources of the law enforcement system in the interwar period. The paper is divided into three main sections, of which the first deals with the organization of the group, the resources and the database in progress. The second part of the work presents one of the group’s research directions, which focuses on using anthropometric methods. The last great chapter contains source based criminal statistical and social examination from the resident individuals of Debrecen. Finally, the overview gives information about future plans and prospects. In front of the public, the work group showed itself in two scientific presentations, which, together with this study, is considered as a foundation. -
A kabai népkonyha intézménye a világgazdasági válság időszakában (1933–1935)
51-76Views:1The study examines the soup kitchen of Kaba in the 1930s, which was established by
the dearth of action. The study outlines the operation and functions of the kitchen, as
well as its failures and social background.
In the life of the population, the occasionally appearing kitchen for the poor was the
county-organized institution of the social care which temporarily helped to decrease the
poverty of the needy by some degrees in the pauper years of the global economic crisis. -
A két világháború közötti Magyarország városhierarchia-vizsgálatának módszertani kérdései
5-29Views:1The identification of the city hierarchy of our home country raises numerous questions,which arises from the complexity of the settlement structure, as well as from the special urban development of the Carpathian Basin. The starting point has been the fact that there was a strong positive correlation between the position in urban hierarchy and the quantity (complexity) of the urban roles (Beluszky–Győri 2005.). The further aim of the study is to depict the network of cities of the interwar Hungary. First, I will study the emerging methodological issues, and I will also try to find solutions for them. The recent study published by Pál Beluszky and Róbert Győri (2005), which examines the 1910 conditions, provides a base to observe the changes in the mentioned structure until 1930. An important element of the present hierarchy study is to separate the downtown data from data of the periphery, as the classical homestead principle had already ceased to exist (Mendöl 1993., Timár 2006.). Another important methodological aspect of the study is the way my computer database is modelling and distorting the whole structure, as well as its levels. Using this method,the study of the interwar urban hierarchy can be put onto new methodological bases, which differ significantly from the earlier domestic research methods. -
A debreceni városirányítási elit 1929 és 1935 között
22-41Views:1The focus of my work is the analysis of the city management elite in Debrecen. For this, I find it necessary to describe the methodological antecedents of my investigations, which points at the origin of the techniques and investigation aspects used for individual findings, as well as an explanation of the concepts I use. This description is then followed by a comparison of the legislative authority committees of the two years examined (1929, 1935), in which I have the opportunity to establish a narrower elite group. Using examples drawn from contemporary sources, I study this group based on their attempts to retain and gain power -
Adalékok a Debreceni Egyetem Tanácsköztársaság és román megszállás alatti történetéhez
79-92Views:1When the Royal couple visited Debrecen on 23 October 1918 to attend the inauguration of the University “Clinic” site, nobody could have predicted that upcoming events would soon shatter the state order of Hungary and fundamentally determine the country’s fate. The town received the news of the monarch appointing Mihály Károlyi as head of government on 30 October. Citizens of Debrecen gathered in front of the Town Hall and demanded the display of the national flag. Soldiers pinned cockades in the national colours in place of their cap badges. The National Council of Debrecen was formed and joined the Hungarian National Council on 1 November. When the Republic of Councils was declared on 21 March 1919 in Budapest, the Directorate was also formed in Debrecen. However, the “glory days” of the Republic of Councils did not last long here, as
Romanian forces occupied the town only a month later on 23 April 1919. When the Romanian occupiers left on 11 March 1920, they left a ransacked and impoverished town in their wake. The University of Debrecen had three faculties in those days, namely the Faculties of Reformed Theology, Law and Liberal Arts. The Faculty of Medicine was under organisation. In October 1919, Béla Sz. Kun, dean of the Faculty of Law initiated an investigation into the conduct of every lecturer and employee of the University during the time of the Republic of Councils. The investigation was later extended to include the period of the Romanian occupation. This study set out to review the public disciplinary proceedings against lecturers non-exhaustively, mainly on the basis of sources in the archives. The author demonstrates through the examples of a number of disciplinary procedures how retaliations happened in the Horthy-period.
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