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Hol van a Bihari Hegyköz központja? Központ-e Szalárd, vagy a kisrégió Nagyvárad vonzásában él?
61-72Views:0The development or stagnation, regression of market towns can be interesting not only from the point of view of urban development for history or social sciences, but can also largely determine/reflect the life and possibilities of a given region, thus, the market towns themselves are closely related to the history of the region around them. The aim of my study is to outline the process during which the trajectory of a region that had been developing for centuries and had several urban settlements and market towns was broken, and the demographic and urbanization processes that had been noticeable within the region until then regressed and withered away. At the end of the review, I would also like to find an answer to why this phenomenon occurred. In the first half of the article, I present the demographic development of the region. There was no major break in the population of the Hegyköz settlements until the first third/middle of the 17th century, its population was approx. 10,000. After this, by the end of the Turkish era, the number of people living here decreased considerably (1692: 6,000 people). Then, in the 18th century, the area inhabited almost exclusively by Hungarians was repopulated with the help of a significant number of Romanians and a smaller Slovak and Swabian population, and in 1787 the number of inhabitants was already 18,000 (Hungarians made up approx. 70%). In parallel with the demographic and ethnic development of the population, the religious affiliation of the people living there also largely changed. While almost only Roman Catholics lived in the region until the Turkish era, in the 17th century, as a result of the rapid spread of the Reformation, the majority of Hungarians became Reformed. The majority of the Romanians, who appeared in large numbers during the resettlement, represented an Orthodox but growing Greek Catholic population, while the Slovaks and Swabians were Roman Catholics. The industrialization and modernization that took place in the second half of the 19th century had a positive effect on the number of people living here, which already exceeded 30,000 by 1910. In the 20th century, however, there was first a further increase of less intensity (1941: 34,196 people), then a large-scale decrease in the population. As a result, according to the data of the 2002 census, the number of inhabitants does not even reach 25,000, which corresponds to the level of 1880. Meanwhile, by the beginning of the 21st century, the number of Hungarians decreased to approx. 60%, and that of Romanians to approx. 36%. 75% of Hungarians are Reformed, 25% are Roman Catholic, and Romanians – as a result of the banning of Greek Catholicism in 1948 – are almost entirely adherents of Orthodoxy. Based on the demographic and historical geographical changes of the region, we can see that the settlements of the ’Bihari Hegyköz’, which played a central role in certain stages of the period between the 10th and 17th centuries, Bihar (Biharia), Adorján (Adrian), Szentjobb (Sâniob), Szalárd (Sălard), as well as Hegyközcsatár (Cetariu) and Micske (Mișca), halted in their development during and after the Turkish conquest. And after that, even though they kept their viability thanks to resettlement in the 18th century, they completely lost their central roles during the modernization that began in the last third of the 19th century, the disintegration of historical Hungary and the changing systems ofthe 20th century. Nagyvárad (Oradea), located in the immediate vicinity of Bihari Hegyköz, became the central place of the region. -
Bihari fazekasközpontok termékei a bihari református egyházközségekben
101-124Views:0There were several pottery centres in the historical Bihar county region, all of which look back at a long line of history. However, it is difficult to create a valid picture of the pottery of former centuries, since very few dishes remained in the collections of museums, the place and time of preparation of which is known. Therefore, the vessels of the Lord’s table play a crucial role regarding the research of ceramics, because as they are unique decorative pots, in most cases, their makers left their name, date and place of making on them. These pieces of data might mean a starting point to determine the origins of other pottery without a date, such as the products of the so far little researched pottery centres of Bihar with a long history. In my study, I analyse the vessels of the Lord’s table that were made for the parishes of Bihar in the olden pottery centres of Bihar: Belényes, Mezőtelegd, Oradea, Marghita and Salonta. -
A Berettyó Kulturális Központ – Bihari Múzeum létrejötte, működése és szakmai gyűjteményei
57-66Views:1The Bihar Museum in Berettyóújfalu is the Bihar area’s regional museum with four decades of history. It opened in the former residence of the Fényes family in October 1974. In 2001, it moved to the Main Square, into the first floor of the former village hall. From 1 February 2016, it has been the member institution of the newly formed Berettyó Cultural Center. The museum performs research and collection work on Bihar’s history, ethnography, folklore and literary history. The temporary exhibition hall organizes 4-6 exhibitions in a year, partly based on its own collection, and partly from the works of local artists, objects of collectors, and partly by presenting traveling exhibitions. It also carries out a wide-ranging public education task, and it has several decades history in museum educational work. The implementation of its programs are helped by non-governmental organizations, local enterpretours and volunteers. On the Museum of the Year national competition, it was rewarded twice (2004, 2011) with the ministerial special prize; and on the Museums’ 2015 Picnic, the institute was awarded with the „Museum of the Year 2014” honourable title. -
Zubán Szávó (Szávó György), II. Rákóczi Ferenc legendás bihari szerb lovashadnagya
28-34Views:1Teacher Klára Papp's main research area is Bihar, the settlement and population history of Bihar. The protagonist of my short article also comes from this region, but he is a special figure. Szávó Zubán, or as it is usually written: György Szávó (or Száva) was actually a Hungarian nobleman of Serbian origin, from Pécska on the bank of Maros in Arad. Despite his origin, he was the first lieutenant of Rákóczi’s War of Independence. We know that he was a Hungarian nobleman from Gálospetri, but he declared himself to be of Rác (Serbian) ethnicity. He fought through the Kuruc freedom struggle, and then in 1717, he went to war against the Crimean Tatars invading from the North-East. Throughout the War of Independence, he was a senior lieutenant in the cavalry regiment of Sándor Károlyi, the commanding general in Tiszántúl. -
A legrégebbi fennmaradt bihari toronyóra története, avagy a belényesi óraper
5-23Views:1The paper discusses the history of the oldest surviving church tower clock of Bihar county. Installed in 1757, the clockwork is one of the earliest products of the Aszalai workshop of Debrecen. The specialty of its history stands in the fact that it used to be the subject of a decade of controversy, even law suit, surrounding the conflicts related to its repairs and maintenance between the Roman Catholic parish and the Calvinist-dominant city administration. -
Bihari vonatkozások az önkéntes néprajzi gyűjtők és a honismereti mozgalom történetében
22-45Views:1In her study, the author presents the major turning points and several Bihar connections of the voluntary ethnographic collection in Hungary. In recent years, several pieces of history of science research works have been published on certain related topics and periods, and we can use these to briefly outline the historical development and institutionalization of voluntary collections. Such major movements and organizations were the following: at the beginning of the 20th century, the Hungarian class of Folklore Fellows; after World War II, the Landscape and Folklore Research; from 1952, the National Ethnographic and Linguistic Collection Tender; from 1968, the Native Land-Presenter Movement; also from 1990, the National Heritage Association; and finally, from 2013, the Tradition Ethnography Collection Tender. With regards to the Hajdú-Bihar County, mention the Cultural Movement ‘Korunk Valósága’ (The Reality of our Time) needs to be mentioned, which had been operating since 1969; and the Cultural Movement from Hortobágy to Sárrét since 1976, as well as the Hajdú-Bihar County and Debrecen Native Land-Presenter Association, which has been operating since 1991. -
Bihari, Debrecen környéki és érmelléki lelkészek társadalmi jellemzői 1942-ben
39-51Views:1The areas Hungary gained back from Czechoslovakia and Romania between 1938 and 1940 considerably expanded the formerly split Reformed Church District of Tiszántúl. This justified the enumeration of the parishes and pastors, which was ordered by the 6712/1941 episcopal circular. By the examination of the source material made available thereby, I undertake to process the autobiographies – mostly from 1942 – of pastors from Debrecen’s neighbourhood, Érmellék, and the dioceses of Bihar from a social historical point of view. I draw conclusions for the history of the ecclesiastical society based on the analysis of altogether 114 autobiographies from the 3 studied dioceses. In the first analytical unit of the study, I examine the age and place of birth of the pastors. Next, starting out from the professions of the fathers, I study which layer of society the pastors might have had come from. In the last section of the study, I analyse the educational areas of the pastors writing the autobiographies. -
A bihari térség templomainak régi toronyóráira és mestereikre vonatkozó újabb adatok. Kutatási eredmények összegzése
5-62Views:1This study presents recent data on old church tower clocks – from the 18th-19th century – and their master craftsmen in the Bihar region, as well as a summary of the results of our research in this topic. We recorded data or a series of data on our field trips, as well as on the basis of archival sources, relating to altogether 62 clockworks, and/or identified still existing clockworks and artefacts. Of these, 49 could be linked to a master-locksmith or workshop, which is the main benefit of our research. Most of the surviving artefacts, as well as the work of some of their masters, were largely unknown to the sparse literature on the topic. Significant additions have been made, first of all, to the work of the locksmiths of Nagyvárad (today Oradea – Romania) and Debrecen, as well as of Pankota (today Pâncota – Romania) and Nagykároly (today Carei – Romania). -
Bihari történet a Dunántúlról
40-56Views:1A joint episode of a town in Hajdú-Bihar County and a village in Tolna county was written in Hungarian history of the 20th century. The politicians of the post-war coalition period began to write the story, the completion of which was very much urged by the expectations of the masses, the irresponsible promise of a carefree new life, a feverish campaign, and perhaps a compulsion resulting from being a war loser. In the history of Derecske and Györköny, the common chapter was forced by internal migration processes that started in 1945 resulting from the land reform and the relocation of the Hungarian Germans in close connection with it. I have tried to explore the events so that we could remember, together with the people of the Tiszántúl Region, to what had happened. In quest of finding the truth, I have called not only the press articles of the time and literature for help, but also the memories of those who directly lived through the events. The bitter consequences of the political decisions of that time were shared by settled Hungarians and indigenous Germans.
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