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Az erdélyi arisztokrata hölgyek és a közügyek
5-19Megtekintések száma:0This study examines the activities of Transylvanian aristocratic women based on personaldocuments (correspondence) from the second half of the 18th and first half of the 19thcentury. The members of the Csáky, Bethlen, and Jósika families were erudite, they were interestedin the problems of their environment, while also sensitively paying attention to the intentions of the Viennese Court besides politics. The aristocratic ladies gained useful knowledge regarding the social life primarily during social events, showers, and travels. They could also receive important information and judgement from letters discussing the foreign travels and meetings of men in their families. The aristocratic women showed interest in newspapers, and they also played a role in ordering certain press products. In the public life, it was the society of men that undertook a leading role. The accepted fields of activities for women were charity, aiding schools and the poor. Based on their literacy and political relations, Transylvanian aristocratic women (like Kata and Rozália Csáky) emerged, who drew attention by their interest, initiative, and theirown ventures, and became the founders of emerging civil initiatives. -
Fejedelmek hajdúkiváltságolásai, adományai, telepítései. Körösszeg sajátos esete
5-27Megtekintések száma:0The princes of Transylvania would have gladly followed the example of Bocskai, who settled the hajdú soldiers, but they did not have significant land available for donation. Therefore, the hajdús who undertook princely service received various and different privileges. In 1653, the Transylvanian collection of laws included 20 hajdú settlements from Bihar. However, 40% of these do not have known privilege letters. Körösszeg was among these, despite being owned by the Csáky family throughout the century. György Rákóczi I considered the Catholic István Csáky an enemy of Transylvania. He took away his castle and estate, which he got back under the terms of the Agreement of Eperjes (1633), but both the castle and the hajdús living in the market town had to serve Varad, and only served as soldiers for the landowner during peacetime. The hajdús were under the jurisdiction of their lieutenant, who was accountable to the captain of Varad but was also supposed to work in agreement with the estate's court judge. The Transylvanian code of law intended to modify this peculiar dual service to a hajdú privilege, but the Csáky family contradicted this decision in 1654. In 1659, their court judge allowed only those who agreed to serve the lord to return to the market town and also put down the hajdú name. After the siege of Varad in 1660, the destroyed castle was not rebuilt, and the settlement remained deserted. -
„Most pedig Biharról!” Raisz György jószágigazgató levelei a 19. század elejéről
40-53Megtekintések száma:0The Bihar estates of the Csáky family were still received from Sigmund of Luxembourg, and they became the ancient, shared estates. When their headquarters were transferred from the Principality of Transylvania to the Kingdom of Hungary in the 17th century, the estates in the Uplands and Transdanubia gained more importance. In the middle of the 17th century, Count László Csáky returned to Transylvania and established the so-called a Transylvanian branch that possessed the Bihar properties undisturbed until the middle of the 18th century. Then, during the bishopric of Miklós Csáky in Oradea, the members of the upland branch regained the manors, and after a short time, those manors were pledged again to the Transylvanian landowners. However, from 1784 they were finally taken into their hands, and from the first years of the 19th century, the members of the upland branch shared them among themselves, trying out joint possession. The family correspondence contains writings from the trustee contacting his widow after the death of János Csáky, the principal representative of the upland branch, the director of the family. From this, we can get additions about the intention and plans on the division of the estate. And also, on the basis of the three letters published here, about how the best manors got into the hands of Mrs. János Csáky (Jozefa Zichy), and what the role of the property manager was in this. -
„csak az nagy Correspondentia foly köztünk…” Csáky Kata levelek a Bánffy-levéltárból
64-83Megtekintések száma:0The ten letters written by Countess Kata Csáky (1726–1794) in the Archives of the Bánffy family (Cluj County Directorate of the Romanian National Archives, Cluj-Napoca) are a good complement to the sources published in All My Joys Were Mingled With Sorrow. Kata Csáky’s correspondence in 2006. This study finds the place of the letters in the history of the Count's family on the one hand, and on the other hand, it discloses the writings that have survived as personal resources. It is clear that the Countess sent letters to Dénes Bánffy until 1780, and to her son, governor György Bánffy (1746–1822) in the last years of her life. Kata Csáky made good use of the family relationships, not only considering Dénes Bánffy as a relative, but also as a supporter to whom she could send even confidential news, and whose special intervention she could request. In her letter of 1767, however, she clarified the role of the Bethlen-Csáky relatives in the abduction of Ágnes Bánffy. A sign of intimacy was that the Countess had sought and received personal support from György Bánffy, and so did her daughter, Rozália Bethlen, who expected the governor to “help with all my troubles ...”. -
Csáky Rozália tudománypártolása és botanikai gyűjteménye
21-36Megtekintések száma:1Rozália Csáky's correspondence with scholars and her support contributed to the public dissemination of Transylvanian archaeological and botanical research, which is also reflected in the enrichment of her library. Beyond serving her own interests, her Herbarium aimed at the exploration and documentation of Transylvanian flora, the practical benefits of which were also perceived and appreciated by her entourage. Following the founding of the Transylvanian Museum Society, members of the Jósika family contributed to the enrichment of its collections through donations. These included not only their numismatic collection but also their library and the entail archive, which – through marriage – was expanded with documents from the Transylvanian Csáky family and other noble families. Presumably, the Herbarium also formed part of the collection of the Transylvanian National Museum. -
Vallási sérelmek Debrecenben a 18. században
5-17Megtekintések száma:0Debrecen got first into conflict with the leaders of the Catholic Church after gaining the Free Royal City title (1693). During the parliament of 1712–1715, both the legate of the chapter of Várad and Imre Csáky, the Bishop of Várad considered the possibility of the moving in of the Catholics and the building and running a Catholic church and school as the prerequisite of winning the title of Free Royal City. Based on the effective assistance provided by bishop Imre Csáky, the building of the church and the management of the school was taken over by Piarists. The Catholic church was built by 1746, and was sanctified by bishop Miklós Csáky. As the monarch, Maria Theresa caused harm to the Reformed population in several fields. She banned the financial aid of the Reformed Church, the press, and the College, she limited, and during the Seven Years’ War, banned the students from attending foreign universities which she also connected to the possession of a passport. Although only 3,4% of the city’s population comprised Catholics, by 1776 she achieved that half of the 12-member council be appointed without election as Catholic members of the council. Besides appointing the Chief Justice (the only remaining right of whom was jurisdiction), she ordered the election of the mayor responsible for finance and administration, and one of these two leaders had to be Catholic. During the reign of Joseph II, favourable opportunities opened for the representation of Protestant interests based on the tolerance regulation, and this tendency continued with the publication of the 26th law Article of 1791. During the parliamentary sessions, the Calvinists of Debrecen and its neighbourhood played a serious role in the law debate. The above situation demonstrates that by the end of the century, the problems and grievances of the inhabitants of Debrecen became important ingredients of the country-wide conflicts of Calvinists and Lutherans.
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2026