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The Relationship between ADHD and Juvenile Delinquency, with a Special Focus on the Psychological Correlates. Systematic Literature Analysis
67-84Views:311Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised as a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention, frequently seen in young offenders (Silva et al., 2014). The development of delinquent behaviours is significantly influenced by ADHD traits, which arise from adverse childhood experiences, comorbid conditions, and socio-environmental factors (Rutten et al., 2022; Wojciechowski, 2021). This paper explores the relationship between ADHD and juvenile delinquency, emphasizing behavioural, psychological, and social aspects. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines, utilizing EBSCO Discovery Service, Science Direct, PubMed, and the snowball method. We analysed studies (n=21) including juvenile offenders diagnosed with ADHD and comparisons with non-offenders or controls without ADHD who met the specified inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's assessment tools. Results: In the reviewed studies, symptoms of ADHD—especially impulsivity and emotional dysregulation—along with conduct disorder, substance abuse, and depression were shown to worsen these behaviours. Additionally, sociodemographic elements like low educational achievement and an adverse family environment played a role in contributing to offending. The findings indicate that ADHD serves as a significant risk factor for juvenile delinquency, interacting in complex ways with behavioural and social influences. The studies highlight the importance of early diagnosis, tailored treatment, and comprehensive rehabilitation programs within the juvenile justice system to mitigate long-term risks and encourage social inclusion.
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DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS (DSM):TO BE OR NOT TO BE
95-103Views:3653Although the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is considered to be one of the best diagnostic guides of all times, there are some voices that question its practicality, functionality, and flexibility as well. Even if it has never claimed it to be perfect, it is only stated/portrayed as an organized guide or guidance for information. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the most widely used and acknowledged, and as well as time honoured (with successive editions over 70 years) system for diagnosing mental disorders in the United States and all over the world. Since 1952, the first edition (DSM-I) and its successive time honoured editions over 70 years. This study is focussing on debates, issues and concerns related to DSM-5, which has had in effect since 2013.
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The Experiences of Motor Development in Preschool Children Diagnosed Early with Autism Spectrum Disorder from the Parents’ Perspective
81-94Views:1125The movement and the developmental of motor skills is a crucial role for every child, as motor and cognitive states and development are closely interconnected. Preschool years represent a particularly important period for motor development, as the motor skills and abilities developed during this time are decisive for the entire later life. This study addresses the characteristics of movement and the effectiveness of interventions for children with autism spectrum disorder, examined from the parents' perspective. The investigation, based on personal interviews (n=28), involved parents raising children who were diagnosed early with autism spectrum disorder. The data obtained from the interviews we were analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods, including frequency and content analysis, to identify recurring patterns and individual differences. Through thematic coding and categorization of responses, three main themes we were identified: 1) Characteristics of motor functions, 2) The significance of early diagnosis, 3) Development and developmental interventions.
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Health Risks for Students Requiring Special Treatment in Relation to Their Teeth and Mouth
27-36Views:235Mapping the oral health of pupils with special needs is a missing research goal, and our research team focused on equal access to health in this objective. We conducted our studies among students of the Miskolc Éltes Mátyás EGYMI and among patients attending a day-care dental clinic under general anaesthesia in a private health care institution in Miskolc. We searched for data on dental procedures performed in 2023 in the same-day surgery department of the University of Debrecen Clinical Center Dental Clinic of the Department of Dental Surgery under Anesthesia (DEKK) among disabled patients from our previous studies. Sample: 104 persons (mean age: 10 ± 4.9 years) had their dental screening and diagnosis recorded in 2024 at the EGYMI in Miskolc. The number of children with special needs attending anaesthesia dentistry in 2024 is 28, with a BNO code and recording of dental interventions. The DEKK patient turnover in 2023 was 301. The total number of patients was 115 children and 186 adults, 111 women and 190 men. Result: the most common BNO diagnosis was autism spectrum disorder in all three institutions. The results of the dental examination showed a high number of cavities and a high percentage of gingivitis in all groups studied. During the procedures performed under anaesthesia, 42 tooth extractions were performed in Miskolc and 768 in Debrecen. 47 tooth fillings were made in the remaining dentition in Miskolc and 587 in Debrecen. The preventive activity for the maintenance of gingivitis is tartar removal; the number of this intervention is significantly lower than the number of tooth extractions in the present examined samples. In Miskolc, 3 cases of tooth scaling were performed, and in Debrecen, 87 cases. This is also a preventive intervention in children to prevent dental caries. Conclusion: the oral health of this population is significantly worse than the Hungarian average; therefore, prevention is of particular importance in this group, both in terms of dental education and in terms of preventive activities that can be carried out in practice. In this educational work, both teachers and social workers can play a role. The problem is exacerbated by the precarious nature of patient pathways in the public sector.