SARS-Co-V of the Coronaviridae family emerged in 2019 in China and soon generated a pandemic.
Albeit COVID-19 did not have as high death toll as some earlier pandemics, the severity and course of
disease proved to be unpredictable if factors related to general health and case history of patients were
considered. Thus COVID-19 due to its potentially fatal outcome and unpredictability demanded protective measures to be taken that were not sustainable in the long run (e.g. quarantining masses of people) during the early course of the pandemic (prior to the availability of vaccination and medications).
Nonetheless, the vaccine for COVID-19, albeit showed efficacy, failed to reach the level of protection the
former vaccines for other communicable diseases did. Additionally, available pharmaceutical treatmentregimens were not efficacious enough in preventing fatal outcome or long-term complications. These
facts underscore the necessity of initiatives that seek future avenues for drug development, with special emphasis being placed on repositioning of medications with well-established use. Upon reviewing
available scientific evidence four potential approaches may be identified that if repositioned could be
evaluated as anti-COVID-19 agents: 1.) manipulating the a renin-angiotensin system by the use of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs); 2.) inhibiting the
binding between human ACE2 enzyme and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by N-acetylcysteine, or possibly
quercetin; 3.) increasing the activity of ACE2 using ibuprofen; 4.) administration of prebiotics, probiotics
or tryptophan to normalize SARS-CoV-2 induced dysbiotic changes of the microbiome. 

Clinical pharmacy developed at the end of the 20th century in the United States of America, the undisclosed purpose of which is to expand the role of the pharmacist profession and to optimize patient-specific drug therapy. This change in attitude gave rise to the definition of pharmaceutical care, which gained ground both in the clinic and in public drug supply. While the effects of pharmaceutical care on the health care system can be better examined in the case of public drug supply chains with a larger number of patients, the role of care provided by clinical pharmacists in institutions providing orthopedic care has been little investigated, even though the available studies have yielded positive results regarding the quality and cost-effectiveness of health care.

With the ageing of populations, the incidence and prevalence of disability increases. Disability is not just a health problem, it is a global social and economic problem. Within the disabled community, the physically disabled are the highest proportion. Treatment of muscle tone is fundamental importance. We examined the redemption, the funded of support and pay fee of the drugs baclofen, tolperisone and tizanidine between 2015 and 2019 in Hungary. The funded of support by the National Health Insurance Fund increased continuously during the examined period. This overall increase was mainly due to an increased the funded of support tizanidine. There was no noteworthy change in either the funded of support or pay fee for baclofen and tolperisone.

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) caused by overweight, and obesity are a major public health problem worldwide.    
The main aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence of obesity in Hungary, and to identify the factors contributing to the onset of overweight and obesity, as well as to assess their risk factors for various diseases.
In our analysis, we used the matched questions of the 2009, 2014 and 2019 databases of the European Health Interview Survey, which could be considered as representative for the Hungarian adult population. Categorical data were analysed using chi-square tests and associations between obesity and disease were assessed using multiple logistic regression models.    
After data cleaning, the database included 4886 participants in 2009, 5598 in 2014 and 5360 in 2019, resulting in a final sample size of 15844. The prevalence of obesity was 56% [95% CI: 54%-57%] in 2009 and 55% [95% CI: 54%-56%] in 2014; by 2019, it had increased to 62% [95% CI: 60%-63%]. In terms of gender, 64% of men and 52% of women were overweight or obese. By age group, the highest prevalence of overweight or obese was among those aged 65 and beyond (69%). In the case of education level, those with primary education (60%) were most frequently overweight or obese.        
Adjusted for the year of the study, gender, age, education, marital status, self-perceived health status, how much someone can do for their health, region, and fruit and vegetable consumption habits, the presence of overweight or obesity increased the odds of developing respiratory diseases by 18% (OR=1.18; p=0.011) and musculoskeletal diseases by 41% (OR=1.41; p<0.001). Cardiovascular diseases were 2.33 times (OR=2.33; p<0.001), while metabolic diseases were 2.19 times (OR=2.19; p<0.001) more likely to develop among overweight or obese people.
The results demonstrate that the prevalence of obesity in Hungary is extremely high, and that it is also a risk factor for the development of several diseases of public health significance. For this reason, the development of public health initiatives aimed at reducing overweight and obesity should be a priority.

The hospice-palliative care developing as a bottom-up initiative in Hungary, has gradually integrated into the Hungarian healthcare system, continuously evolving to meet the demographic trends and public health challenges. Ensuring the dignity of patients while providing end-of-life care has become a universally accepted horizontal principle of healthcare. This trend has brought to life the establishment of dedicated palliative-hospice departments throughout the country: overall 96 hospice healthcare providers are operational, utilizing funds from the National Health Insurance Fund, foundations and other sources. The Hospice-Palliative Therapy Unit was opened in 2017 in Debrecen, with 20 chronic beds and 120 hour/day/month ambulatory home-care capacity. Currently the Unit is hosted in the University of Debrecen. The operation of the Hospice-Palliative Therapy Unit is supported by the Debrecen Hospice House Foundation ever since its establishment in 2015. The Fields of Dignity is an initiative widely open for the public that must be highlighted. This initiative brought substantial social innovation with its innovative program elements leading to the understanding and acceptance of hospice-palliative care.

In summary it must be articulated that albeit the focus of hospice care is the provision of end-of-life care, it fills a void by raising awareness of the value of life, honesty, mutual respect and caring. Hence the sustainable and continued operation of the hospice-palliative care the regional and national capacity and infrastructure is mandatory alongside the establishment of financing home-based care in agreement with the recommendations of the National Palliative Strategy.

The scope of the study is the opinions of the Hungarian population on publicly and privately owned and financed health services. There is a relationship between the age group of consumers and the type of health service they find acceptable. Primary quantitative research (N=1196) shows that paying out of pocket for a service offered in a state-owned institution is unacceptable. The generation older than 54 years has the least experience with private healthcare, while those aged 36-41 years have the most. Hungarian adults consider private health services to be characterized by short waiting times, fast appointment booking, more human treatment, patient-centredness, and a pleasant environment compared to publicly funded care.

The study presents a reading skills development programme supported by complex movement exercises, which we recommend for re-education of children with dyslexia and/or dysgraphia. The programme is targeted at two age groups: on the one hand, at 2nd, 3rd and 4th graders and on the other hand, the at age group between 10 and 18 years. As yet, our innovative method is unknown in research and its effectiveness is supported by positive practical experience as well as the results of a pilot study.