Articles

• Előszó

  1

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  118

• Examining the relationship between health literacy and alcohol consumption among students studying in technical school

  2-12

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  348

  International research highlighted that adolescents with lower health literacy are more likely to consume alcohol. As far as we know, no similar investigation has been conducted in Hungary yet. The purpose of the study is to assess the health literacy level and alcohol use behaviours among 11^th and 12^th grade students. A total of 120 adolescents participated in the study. Our questionnaire included questions about alcohol use behaviours and socio-demographic background. Health literacy was measured using the Newest Vital Sign (NVS) test. Statistical analysis and exploration of relationships were performed using Fisher's exact tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests. According to the NVS test, 45.83% of the participants had adequate, 26.67% had a possibility of limited, and 27.50% had a high likelihood of limited health literacy. Borderline significance was found between the total lifetime prevalence of drunkenness and the level of health literacy (p=0.057). Limited health literacy is common among students. However, no clear relationship was detected between health literacy and alcohol use behaviour.

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  425

• A multi-level approach for the research background of subjective health condition in view of social inequalities

  13-25

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  398

  In Hungary, as well as worldwide, one of the main objects of health sociology research is social inequality, focusing mainly on the inequalities stemming from health conditions. The main question is where and how these inequalities appear and evolve during the whole life-history, and how they sustain. In modern societies these differences clearly appear in the markers of health conditions like subjective well-being. The rate of inequalities are defined by essential sociocultural and sociodemographic variables like residual environment, geographical location, age or gender. A very important attribute of social research is to examine these phenomena on different stages and from various aspects. In my study I investigate these stages and aspects using the relevant theoretical literature.

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  795

• Health behavior and mental health among college students at the Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania

  26-38

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  255

  Aim: Our study is a quantitative investigation on the health behaviour and mental health of Sapientia Hungarian University students.

  Methods: The self-administered paper based standardized questionnaire contains several scales: the Self Esteem Inventory (RSESH), the Purpose in Life Test (PIL), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS4) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Data of 206 respondents were analysed from the Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania.

  Results: Data show that students with lower self-esteem and mental health use more alcohol than students with higher selfesteem. Physical activity seems to be a protective factor against mental illness, the students who practice sport frequently are mentally healthier than those who do not. Mental health of students is largely socially determinated.

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  377

• Examining the impacts of organizational culture and leadership styles on the organizational performance indicators

  39-54

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  621

  The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between organizational culture and leadership and their impacts on such organizational performance indicators, organizational commitment and job satisfaction, by reviewing some of the previous organizational culture and leadership literature to clarify the links between both variables and their impacts on performance indicators. One might assume that a better organizational culture along with appropriate leadership style can lead to a higher level of job satisfaction and stronger commitment. Accordingly, if an organization has a strong organizational culture with a suitable leadership style which is able to keep the organization integration, this will result in the strengthening of organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and significant performance enhancement.

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  714

• Analysing MRI and ultrasound scans in speech synthesis

  55-65

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  113

  The articulatory speech synthesis is a new trend in producing machine speech which is based on processing visual information related to voice formation. The profound knowledge of static and dynamic geometrical parameters of speech organs plays a fundamental role in the realization of speech synthesis. To visualize these data MRI and ultrasound scans, which have different geometry, could serve as appropriate sources. The pixels of ultrasound frames can conveniently be managed by setting a polar coordinate system, while for the description of MRI frames a Desceartes coordinate system can serve as a start. Since the ultrasound scans, as opposed to MRI, do not show the back part and the apex of the tongue, only partial information is gained on the movement of the tongue. Consequently, it is important and not trivial at all to concert the geometry of MRI and Ultrasound resources. This writing presents a possible way of geometrical transformation.

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  135

• Examining the effect of artificial cranial deformation in connection with the metric data of the skull

  66-72

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  199

  Our anthropological research team deals with several aspects of artificially deformed skulls found in archaeological excavations of Northeast Hungary. The skulls were dated to the Hun-Germanic Period (5th-6th century AD). It is important to get to know the effect of artificial cranial deformation as deep as possible. Morphological and metric data of the skulls are described and documented, but further comparative analyses are generally not performed due to the relatively small number of cases and gender differences. In this study, we would like to propose a new, easy-to-apply numeric value: the relative difference (RD) number of distortion introduced by us. This relative difference number allows quantitative measures of the effect of artificial distortion on skull dimensions. Such a calculated relative numeric value, which enables and facilitates comparability, has not been used by researchers yet.

  PDF (Hungarian)

  189

• A phenomenological study of the lived experiences of teenage mothers in coping with complications of pregnancy in Khaddamari Ward, Jere Local Government Area, Borno State

  73-84

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  153

  Objectives: Teenage pregnancy is a world-wide phenomenon and a public health issue so our aim was to identify the contributing factors, and to study perception, complications, effects, challenges and coping mechanisms.

  Method: An explorative qualitative research design, snowball sampling, was used. Ten respondents were interviewed using an interview guide in Khaddamari Ward, Jere L.G.A. of Borno State.

  Results: The major contributing factor to teenage pregnancy is ignorance and lack of proper sex education both at home and school. Few responses listed traditional roles, cultural expectations, using drugs and alcohol, age discrepancy in relationships, socio-economic factors, sexual coercion and abuse. Most of them perceived fear, guilt and stigmatization and only a few of them said they were excited, proud and accepted. Anemia, preterm labour, cephalo-pelvic disproportion, obstructed labour and vesico-vaginal fistula were common complications. Almost all of them dropped out of school.

  Conclusion: Based on these findings of the study, a collaborative effort by all stakeholders involved should be employed in combating the complications of teenage pregnancy.

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  539

• “Brave enough to remove the shell of a chestnut.” The career path of a resilient teacher

  85-101

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  253

  Being successful at school as a Roma student is a crucial sociological question. Roma teachers’ experience is invaluable when seeking to understand and solve problems that students with similar backgrounds have. Resilience is our academic starting point. In PISA who belong to a lower social class but have higher achievements are called resilient students. Educational sociologists say that a person’s life is resilient when it is successful, notwithstanding the disadvantaged social background (Ceglédi 2018). We have analysed Roma teachers with resilient lives and looked for answers to what kind of possibilities and dangers of a resilient life might hide in the pedagogical career. Given a unique target group, we chose snowball sampling. 6 semistructured interviews were made in eastern Hungary in 2019, in which we emphasized the resilience of their life taken, the pedagogic job, and their connection. We did qualitative analysis of the transcripts. The resilient Roma teachers incorporate their life experience into their pedagogic fields and their coping serves as a model for their students.

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  344

• I am who I am. Minority group identification

  102-120

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  148

  Over the past half century, there have been rapid changes and reorientation in social processes, which can be perceived empirically, too. Our world has become more interactive, information flow has hastened, and communication technology has constantly been evolving. The accelerated processes, the historical and cultural changes have caused an identity crisis for families belonging to minority groups. The purpose of this study is to present how identification has changed among couples of intermarriage who are living in Vojvodina, and among the members of a community of Roma women living in two Hungarian counties. Similarities and differences in the lives of these two minority groups were investigated. In our research, we have concluded that the opening of mobility opportunities has significantly accelerated assimilation.

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  272

• Measurement of physical activity in youth: a comparative study

  121-130

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  242

  Due to the inadequate quantity and quality of physical activity, more and more young people suffer from chronic illnesses. The aim of this study was to measure the health behavior of 5^th, 7^th and 9^th grade students in a Hungarian (Tiszafüred) and a Romanian (Oradea) institution with special regard to physical activity. A total of 206 students participated in the study. The questionnaire included questions related to socio-demographic data and physical activity habits. Differences between the mean scores of continuous variables were assessed by Mann-Whitney tests, and the frequency differences between categorical variables were evaluated by Fisher exact tests. Most of the Hungarian students (88%) think that they do enough exercise, while this rate is 81% in the Romanian school. No significant difference was found between the two institutions relating to the frequency of out of-school physical activities (p = 0.304), and the opinion on doing exercise (p = 0.267). Based on our results we can say that doing exercise out of school is popular among students in both the Hungarian and Romanian schools.

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  388

• The engagement of mothers with families in the process of labour migration

  131-143

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  186

  The international literature defines the phenomenon of migration with the intention to work with the help of different theories and paradigms, and looks for the cause and effect relation between them which could explain the different migration waves. Recent researches into migration have shown the features of trans-nationalism and the increased rate of migrant mothers. Due to feminisation of migration, millions of women have become the breadwinners far from their homes in another county, and have also changed the division of labour within the family. The former physically present motherly care has been replaced by distant and material care provided by the mother. In my study, the engagement of mothers in the process of migration is approached in three dimensions: an overview of international literature is followed by regional as well as local research. The analysis of the migration stories from mothers focus on how working abroad appears in their life stories, and what the underlying reasons might have been.

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  197

• Questions of research while examining the organizational development of health care

  144-163

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  165

  There are serious debates about the health crisis both in the public sector and the literature. Health care was the first service to be exempted from market law after the Second World War. General and free health care brought hope and relative results following the social shock. Due to equal access the established health networks were successful in improving health indicators, but this stalled by the end of the 1960s as modernization processes were significantly reduced and "the institutional network was confronted with new challenges ahead." (Szalai J. 1989:171) I begin my examination into the health care system by comparing the causes, phenomena, parallels, and disorganizations of past and present dissonances in primary and specialist care. I assume that having known the basic problems, a successful reform of the health care system can be started by modernization and the organizational development of primary and outpatient care.

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  320

• Practice oriented training from the business sphere’s aspect

  164-183

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  301

  The aim of our article is to analyse the relation between higher education and the labour market with special regards to a newly developed way of education: dual education. In order to serve the changing needs of the labour market, higher educational institutions need to pay more attention to how their programs can better meet the expectations of future employers. The development of practice based skills in higher education is not only an expectation from the future employers but from future students as well. With the help of a questionnaire we mapped the opinion and assessed the needs of different companies in connection with their employed labour force. We analysed their experience gained in dual education, and we also investigated whether they were opened to play a role in dual training by providing employment for students doing their practice. By providing places for practical training, a growing number of employers could join the operation of higher education.

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  319

• Leadership 2020 – role of gemba

  184-192

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  160

  Which characteristics of an organization can ensure the basis for a long term, robust operation and competitiveness in our complex and dynamically changing, though less and less predictable, business environment of today? What is the role and significance of gemba when creating flexible organizational behaviour which is able to quickly adapt to changes? What changes in factors will define basically the 2020’s competitive leadership style? Which employee skills are the most important on the labour market in the 2020’s? How can leaders affect their present and future employees so that they rise to new challenges in each level of the organization? How can the conscious practice of gemba-based leading behaviour help leaders so that they can continuously improve their and their employees’ most important (new) skills ? How can leaders fit these new skills into their leadership style repertoire? This article aims to find answers to these questions.

  PDF (Hungarian)

  243