Thanks to the unstoppable rise of social media and other online communication channels, acts of animal cruelty and shortcomings and deficiencies in animal husbandry culture are now receiving increasing publicity. The research found that the growing interest in animal welfare reflects a broader shift in social attitudes. Whether we examine the assessment of animal cruelty at the level of morality or law, we see a rapidly and continuously changing process that is coherent with itself. The objective of this study is based on the above finding. First, by highlighting the depth of the relationship between morality and law, it shows that these two institutions are inseparable and that they influence each other. The following part of the study describes the development and current system of moral and legal norms relating to animal cruelty, and finally, through de lege ferenda proposals, it attempts to play a thought-provoking and debate-initiating role with regard to the further development of the system.

Pet ownership—particularly the keeping of exotic birds—is enjoying increasing popularity. Yet, we still know surprisingly little about certain segments of animal keepers. This study aims to profile a distinct group within this community: collectors. Based on a series of 20 interviews conducted using the snowball sampling method, the research sheds light on the characteristics of these individuals. The findings suggest that breeding may offer a sustainable alternative to meet demand for live specimens of protected species and could also serve as a foundation for species reintroduction and repopulation programs. However, due to the increasingly stringent legal framework, the lines between legal and illegal keeping practices are becoming increasingly intertwined.

The study examines the data-protection implications inherent in the domestic candidate nomination system. In Hungary, the nomination of a candidate for election is based on the legal mechanism of collecting voters’ ‘recommendations’, a process that necessarily involves the processing of their personal data. This gives rise to several data-protection dilemmas, the most significant of which are: (a) whether a voter’s recommendation constitutes or reveals a ‘political opinion’; (b) the role, under data protection law, of those collecting recommendations; (c) the lawful duration of the collection process; and (d) whether voters may be informed or ascertain that their personal data appear on a recommendation sheet. The analysis is grounded in a dogmatic legal method: it reviews and evaluates both domestic and European legal sources, the official positions adopted by supervisory authorities, and the pertinent academic literature. The study demonstrates that the development of the regulatory framework reflects the gradual incorporation of data-protection safeguards; nevertheless, in several areas it continues to employ regulatory solutions that depart from, and in certain respects even contradict, the underlying logic of data-protection law.

The rise of digitalization, network externalities, and data as novel sources of competitive advantage has fundamentally challenged traditional doctrines of competition law. Through the adoption of the Digital Markets Act (DMA) and the Digital Services Act (DSA), the European Union has established an ex ante, preventive regulatory paradigm designed, among other aims, to prevent market distortions caused by gatekeeper platforms. By contrast, the United States continues to rely primarily on ex post enforcement, precedent-based adjudication, and judicial processes in governing digital service markets. The divergence between these two models reflects deeper economic-philosophical and legal-policy differences; however, an emerging tendency toward convergence can be observed in their shared recognition of the democratic and geopolitical significance of digital markets. The evolution of competition law in recent decades has been profoundly shaped by digital corporations, which have redefined the conceptual boundaries of global market structures. A comprehensive understanding of contemporary legal practice and regulatory developments thus requires a systematic examination of the theoretical divergences, convergences, and the underlying explanatory factors shaping both regimes.

In this study, we analyze in detail Decision 20/2014. of the Slovak Constitutional Court, which examined the constitutionality of certain provisions of the Act on Land Acquisition. In this decision, the Constitutional Court addressed the constitutionality of the rules on the transfer of ownership of agricultural land by way of sale. In addition to analyzing the Constitutional Court's decision, the study also discusses the background to the initiation of the Constitutional Court proceedings, the aftermath of the Court's decision, and the 2017 amendment to the Slovak Constitution, which is closely related to the topic under review.