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• Examination of drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.)

  43-46

  Zoltán Futó

  Views:

  17

  The experiments were set up in the foil tent in Szarvas, at the Galambos experimental site belonging to the MATE KÖTI Department of Irrigation Development and Land Improvement. 10 liter white plastic buckets were used as cultivation pot. The diameter of the bucket is 27.5 cm, so the ground surface is 593.6 cm2. The wheat experiment was set up on November 4, 2020, with 3 wheat varieties, at 3 water supply levels (Field Water Capacity „FWC”; FWC40%, FWC60% and FWC80%) in 3 repetitions, in a total of 27 cultivation pots. The maize experiment was set up on April 19, 2021, with 5 maize hybrids, at 3 water supply levels, in 3 repetitions, in a total of 45 cultivation pots.
  In the soil we use, the amount of parts that can be silted is 31.6%, so it is a sandy loam physical type soil, the chemistry is weakly acidic (pHH2O 6.54), based on the total salt content soluble in water, it has a low salt content (salt%<0.1).
  In the experiment, the drought tolerance of 3 different wheat varieties (MV Nemere, GK Szilárd and Sothys) and 5 maize hybrids (GKT 4486 (Lehel), GK SILOSTAR, GKT 372, GKT 376, GKT 3385) was investigated under conditions deprived of natural precipitation.
  The following phenological parameters were measured in the experiment: Relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) with a Konica SPAD 501 instrument, Leaf area (cm2) (CI-203 Handheld Laser Leaf Area Meter), Leaf area index (LAI m2/m2), Plant height (cm), Leaf and stem weight (g), Root weight (g), Ear/Tube weight (g) and yielding parameters.
  In the experiment, all three wheat varieties responded very well to the increase in water content. Total biomass and root mass also increased, but the change from FWC40% to FWC60% was on a larger scale than from FWC60% to FWC80%.
  When examining the amount of grain yield, in the case of the lowest water supply (FWC40%), the most yield was produced by Sothys (34.15 g/cultivation pot; 5.75 t/ha), while the lowest yield was given by Mv Nemere (26.69 g/cultivation pot); 4.50 t/ha). The largest yields were obtained in the case of the best water supply. Sothys produced a very good yield (69.58 g/cultivation pot; 11.72 t/ha) with a water supply of FWC80%, and the lowest yield here was also achieved by MV Nemere (56.70 g/cultivation pot; 9.55 t/ha) with yield.
  The quality test results of the wheat showed that the quality parameters of the three investigated varieties uniformly deteriorated as a result of the increased water supply. The value of the larger amount of available water increases the yields, which negatively affected the quality.
  From the results of the maize experiment, it can be deduced that the chlorophyll content of the maize hybrids was higher with good and average water supply (FWC80% and FWC60%), and that the hybrids remained green longer and photosynthesized longer, that is, the growing time of the maize hybrids was extended with good water supply.
  In dry conditions (FWC40%), the performance of two hybrids was outstanding. Under these conditions, the maize hybrids GKT 372 and GKT 376 gave 65% more cob mass than the hybrids following them. The other important investigated property is the "irrigation reaction" of the hybrids. Based on our tests, GK SILOSTAR is a maize hybrid with a good reaction to irrigation but sensitive to drought, while GKT 376 is a maize hybrid with an excellent reaction to irrigation and also drought tolerance.

• Effect of genotype and some agrotechnical factors on quality parameters of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

  61-76

  Péter Pepó

  Views:

  12

  In a long-term experiment, the quality parameters (protein, starch, dry matter, wet matter, Zeleny index, grain hardness) of nine winter wheat varieties and hybrids were examined using DA 7250 NIR on calcareous chernozem soil after different previous crops (sweet maize, sunflower, grain maize) in three fertiliser treatments (control, N90+PK, N150+PK). The experimental results demonstrated that the crop rotation had only a small, non-significant effect on quality parameters. Fertilisation and genotype had the greatest effect on these parameters. The obtained results showed that the protein and starch content of wheat genotypes varied in opposite directions with agrotechnical factors. Fertilisation significantly increased the protein content of wheat genotypes (control 7.40–11.73%; N150+PK 11.21–16.22%) and significantly decreased the starch content (control 73.55–76.56%; N150+PK 67.80–75.10%). Dry and wet protein content were significantly modified by fertilisation and genotype. The wet meal content varied from 11.38–23.55% in the control treatment and from 24.38–37.22% in the N150+PK fertiliser treatment. Of the examined genotypes, GK Börzsöny and KG Vitéz belonged to the premium (improvement) baking group on the basis of wet gluten. Zeleny index and grain hardness were significantly increased by fertilisation. Zeleny index varied from 8.30 to 27.63 ml and grain hardness from 16.34 to 69.88 ml in the control treatment and from 31.19 to 42.17 ml and 42.75 to 84.11 ml in the N150+PK treatment, depending on the previous crop and genotype, respectively. Based on long-term experimental results, Hydrock, Hyxperia and Hycardi hybrids showed the best Zeleny index. The genotypes with the best Zeleny index scored only average values for other quality parameters.

• The breeding of durum wheat began in Szeged 50 years ago

  123-136

  János Matuz

  Béla Beke

  Views:

  17

  In the legal predecessor of the Cereal Research Ltd. Co. in Szeged, the breeding and research of durum wheat began in 1972 at the Cereal Research Institute on the initiative of Zoltán Barabás, Péter Erdei and Imre Szániel. The program began with the selection of winter-hardy (facultative type, cold-tolerant, but spring-type) segregating F2, F3, F4 generations from the CYMMIT Anatolian station, which in 1980 resulted in two state-recognized durum varieties: GK Minaret and GK Basa. Even at the time of the selection of the CYMMIT material, was created a breeding material that better suited the Hungarian climate by crossing Italian, French, Russian, Romanian and Slovak durum varieties and strains. The following state-recognized autumn durum varieties were born by selecting the segregating generations of these combinations: GK Pannondur in 1985, GK Tiszadur in 1992, GK Novodur in 1993; in 1996 GK Bétadur, in 2001 GK Diadur, GK Selyemdur and in 2015 GK Julidur.
  With the introduction of GK Minaret and GK Basa and subsequent varieties into public cultivation, the domestic durum processing (mill) and consumer (dry pasta) industry and market interest in domestic durum cultivation began. Overall, this meant the establishment of durum in Hungary and laid the foundations for the entire vertical (breeding-public cultivation-processing-dried pasta, wheat and semolina export).

• Examination of the effects of genotype, previous crop, and fertilisation in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop stand under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions

  91-111

  Tímea Nagyné Mester

  Péter Pepó

  Views:

  16

  In a field experiment, the yield and protein content of winter wheat were examined in two crop rotation systems (bi- and tri-culture), two water supply systems (non-irrigated/irrigated), five nutrient supply levels, and three genotypes. The aim of this experiment was to examine the individual factors and evaluate the various interactions. The results of the experiment showed that there was no significant difference between water supply and genotypes in terms of either yield or protein content. Under the influence of water supply, an average yield increase of 595 kg/ha can be achieved in the case of biculture, while in the case of triculture, an average yield increase of 512 kg/ha can be achieved. In terms of protein content, a decrease can be observed under the influence of irrigation: 0.2% in the case of biculture and 0.28% in the case of triculture. In all four studied treatment combinations, the Hycardi hybrid wheat achieved the highest yield (non-irrigated biculture: 8173 kg/ha; irrigated biculture: 9088 kg/ha; non-irrigated triculture: 10 256 kg/ha; irrigated triculture: 10 763 kg/ha), but this did not differ significantly from the yield results of the other two genotypes. In contrast, significant differences were found between the crop rotation systems. In the triculture crop rotation system, the yield (2044 kg/ha under non-irrigated conditions and 1961 kg/ha under irrigated conditions) and protein content (2% under non-irrigated conditions and and 1.02% under irrigated conditions) than in the two-crop rotation system. There were significant differences between nutrient supply levels. Increasing fertiliser doses also increased yield and, typically, protein content.

• Correlation between quality and quantity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in different crop years

  103-118

  Tímea Nagyné Mester

  Péter Pepó

  Views:

  20

  Winter wheat is one of the most popular arable crops in Hungary and worldwide. Its cultivation dates back thousands of years and it is one of the most versatile crops. Its most important role lies in human nutrition, as it is an important staple food for mankind. The global population boom has led to an increasing demand for food raw materials of sufficient quantity and quality. The most important quality parameters for winter wheat are protein content, gluten content, gluten content, starch content and Zeleny index.
  In this comparative genotype experiment, the quality parameters and the relationship between the quantity and quality of winter wheat of different genotypes were investigated in two different rainfall years: a drought year (2021/2022) and a rainfall year (2022/2023). The obtained results show that in the rainy year, the genotypes had significantly higher yield averages and on average higher values for moisture and protein content. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between the quantity and quality of yield for each genotype in both growing seasons and averaged over the two growing seasons. It was found that quality parameters were negatively correlated with yield quantity when averaged over the two examined years and genotypes.

• Impact of different production techniques with different intensities on the on the quality of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

  93-108

  Péter Pepó

  Views:

  16

  Interactive effects of crop models, crop rotation and fertiliser application on the quality parameters of winter wheat grain yield in a long-term experiment on calcareous chernozem soil in the growing season of 2023. The results of our research showed that different intensity of technological models (different fungicide use, foliar fertilisers and growth regulators) had no or only partial (tri-culture) significant effects on the quality parameters (protein, starch, dry and wet gluten content, Zeleny index, grain hardness) of wheat. Protein and starch content showed a negative correlation. Higher values of protein, dry and wet gluten, Zeleny index and grain hardness were measured in the tri-culture rotation than in the biculture rotation. Of the quality indicators, only starch content was higher in biculture. The highest significant effect of fertilisation on the quality parameters was observed. The protein, dry and wet gluten contents increased with increasing fertiliser rates in the intervals 7.58–13.42%, 4.48–11.32%, 12.06–31.10% in biculture and 7.93–14.41%, 5.45–12.85% and 13.86–34.79% in triculture, respectively. In biculture, in the N200+PK (highest) fertiliser treatment, the wet gluten content reached the milling category I (31.13–32.10%), which is of good quality, while in triculture, the milling category I (31.22–32.62%) was already reached in the N100+PK fertiliser treatment, and in the N200+PK treatment, these values (34.55–34.79%) were in the premium quality category. In triculture crop rotation, protein, dry and wet gluten contents were significantly increased in the control (without fertiliser and foliar fertiliser) treatment due to the physiological activating effects of foliar fertilisers when super intensive technology was applied. Zeleny index and grain hardness values were lower in biculture (4.66–34.51 ml and 10.9–86.1, respectively) than in triculture (12.86–39.61 ml and 29.0–93.1, respectively), and significantly increased with fertiliser application in both rotations.

• Analysis of agricultural land use of Hungary (2000–2020)

  119-137

  Péter Streb

  János Nagy

  Éva Horváth

  Adrienn Széles

  Views:

  36

  Hungarian agriculture has undergone significant changes between 2000 and 2020. Only 25% of the 965 000 farms active in agriculture in 2000 were in operation in 2020. The number of farms engaged in crop production (273 thousand) has fallen dramatically, by almost half. Within this, fewer farms were engaged in arable crops and plantations and more in horticulture.
  In 2000, there were 2883 crop production organisations and 270 736 individual holdings. In the following years, the number of economic organisations increased and the number of individual farmers decreased significantly. Both for economic organisations and individual holdings, arable crops dominate. However, the share of arable crops was higher in the case of the economic organisations, while horticulture and plantations played an important role in the case of individual farmers.
  The common farm sizes of between 1 and 5 hectares were replaced by medium farm sizes, and these holdings accounted for 57% of the total agricultural area.
  The share of arable land decreased from 83% of the country's area (7.7 million hectares) to 78.7%. The share of agricultural land decreased, the share of domestic forest increased and the share of reed and fish ponds remained substantially unchanged. The share of arable land increased, the share of orchards remained similar, while the share of kitchen gardens, vines and grassland decreased.
  The area sown to wheat and maize is stable (1–1.2 million hectares), but in some years the area sown has fallen below 1 million hectares. The importance of both crops is shown by the fact that, despite fluctuations in area in recent years, a significant proportion of the arable land in Hungary is under wheat (22–23%) and maize (24–26%). The sowing area of sunflower has more than doubled and that of rapeseed has almost tripled. The share of these two oilseeds in the arable crop sector has increased significantly, with sunflower growing from 6.6% in 2000 to 15.2% in 2020 and rapeseed from 2.6% to 7.7%. The area under fruit crops and vines has declined sharply. Vegetables have experienced a similar decline as fruit crops.
  The volume of crops increased steadily, with wheat and maize growing by 41.7% and 71.4% respectively compared with 2000. Sunflowers more than tripled and rapeseed increased almost fivefold. At the same time, weather extremes caused by climate change have become a growing problem in recent years, leading to an increase in the average yield per hectare. It ranged from 2.6 to 5.4 t/ha for wheat, 3.7 to 8.6 t/ha for maize, 1.6 to 3.0 t/ha for sunflower and 1.5 to 3.6 t/ha for rape.

• Design and analysis of long-term experiments – in memoriam Béla Győrffy (1928–2002) –

  115-138

  Zoltán Berzsenyi

  Views:

  15

  Long-term experiments are indispensable for the analysis of the long-term effects of various crop production methods and technologies. The long-term experiments have been set up in Martonvásár by Győrffy Béla more than 60 years ago and can be considered as part of the national heritage. Measurements made on plots of long-term experiments (LTE) are generally taken each year in the case of crop yield and other plant measurements. While the ANOVA procedure may be applied to repeated measurement data, under restrictive assumptions, other statistical procedures based on multivariate methods are more realistic. A more satisfactory alternative is to perform a mixed model analysis using REML (residual maximum likelihood) methodology. In the long-term crop rotation experiment, we analysed the multifactorial distinction beetween the wheat and maize crop sequences vs. continous cropping using discriminant analysis. The effect of various fertiliser treatments and the year on the yield of maize was studied in long-term maize monoculture and maize-wheat diculture experiments.

• Response of Szeged winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) to drought stress

  63-78

  Dániel Nagy

  László Cseuz

  János Pauk

  Views:

  16

  In our experiments, we aimed to identify which cultivars from the applied breeding program have favorable drought stress resistance properties. The experiments described in this paper were conducted under field conditions from 2013 to 2022, using the automatic rain shelter system of our institute, as well as the adjacent control treatments. Twelve Szeged wheat cultivars and one drought-tolerant control cultivar, Plainsman V., were compared for their response to drought stress based on three agronomically important parameters (heading time, plant height and yield). The effect of water deprivation was most pronounced on yield, with an average yield depression of 31% observed in the tested cultivars. Heading time and plant height were not as sensitive to water deprivation, but significant differences were observed in some cultivars based on these parameters as well. In some cases, considerable deviations were observed in positive and negative directions from the average values among the tested cultivars. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded which cultivars are suitable for cultivation in drought-prone areas, can be used for further detailed research on the effects of drought stress, and can serve as a breeding material for drought tolerance.

• The breadmaking quality and anthocyanin content of the purple and blue colored grain wheats

  83-92

  János Matuz

  Judit Óvári

  Katalin Ács

  Bernadett Langó

  Attila Berényi

  Views:

  13

  The performed tests aimed at measuring the farinographic value, loaf volume and anthocyanin content of white flours and wholemeal flours from 2 purple (GK Bíbor), 2 blue (GK Kék) colored winter wheat strains and the GK Csillag winter wheat variety (non-colored control) harvested in 2020, 2021 and 2022.
  The different crop years significantly influenced the farinographic value of white flour and wholemeal flour and the volume of loaves made from them. The farinographic value of the flours and the volume of the loaves made from the grain harvested in the extremely dry year 2022 were smaller than those of the wetter years (2020, 2021). The flour quality and loaf-baking quality of purple and blue colored grain wheats were generally similar to the standard variety (GK Csillag), but in 2022, the flour quality of GK Bíbor-2 and Kék-1 line was significantly lower than the standard. The best farinograph value (100FE) in 2020 and 2021 was obtained for the GK Bíbor-1 and GK Kék-2 lines. Due to the significant bran content, the farinographic value of whole-grain flour is always lower than that of white flour, and the volume of loaves made from them is also approx. 30% smaller.
  The anthocyanin content of the whole-grain flour of blue wheats often reached 100 mg/kg, while it was 6.7–14.7 mg/kg in their white flours. The anthocyanin content of purple wheats was much less (20.7 and 36.1 mg/kg), and in their white flour it was only 2.7–8.57 mg/kg. The anthocyanin content is also significantly affected by the given crop year and the site of production. Since the anthocyanin content is the highest in whole grain flours, this flour can be used to improve effectively and increase the anthocyanin content of pasta and bakery products.

• Plant health studies based on multispectral images in autumn cereal crops

  95-108

  László Radócz

  András Tamás

  Views:

  17

  The development of precision agriculture and digitalisation has brought significant changes in agricultural technology and data-driven decision-making. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and multispectral imaging technologies are effective tools for monitoring plant populations and detecting stress conditions (abiotic, biotic). Vegetation indices (NDVI, GNDVI, NDRE, LCI) provide detailed information about the physiological state of plants and the spatial distribution of stress factors. In the research conducted at the University of Debrecen, the ’MV Nádor’ winter wheat variety was examined in combinations of different tillage methods (autumn ploughing, strip tillage) and different nutrient supply treatments. During the multispectral data collection, high-resolution UAV images were used, which were analysed using the QGIS GIS software. The application of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and tillage methods had a significant impact on vegetation indices, which reflected the health status and homogeneity or heterogeneity of the plants. The results mean that higher nutrient levels showed more favorable growth and homogeneous plant stand. During the statistical analyses, we infer the spatial effects of stress factors based on the standard deviation and variance values. The values of NDVI and GNDVI indices showed an increasing trend with increasing nutrient levels, especially in the case of the 160 kg/ha nitrogen treatment, which ensures more uniform development. Based on the LCI and NDRE values, we obtained a much higher variance and SD value for the 160 kg N/ha treatment applied in autumn ploughing than for strip cultivation. Based on the data, precision technologies enable more sustainable and predictable crop production.

• Reflections on the 150th anniversary of the first Hungarian textbook on wheat breeding, published in 1875

  127-133

  János Matuz

  Views:

  19

• Investigation of the effect of wool and straw mulch in an open-field tomato experiment

  23-33

  Gergő Asbolt

  István Csizi

  Krisztina varga

  Csilla Bojté

  Róbert Czimbalmos

  András Halász

  Brigitta Horváth

  Views:

  11

  We investigated the effects of fatty wool and wheat straw mulch on soil moisture, soil temperature values, and berry yield development in an outdoor tomato experiment on clay loam soil using small plot trials. In terms of soil moisture, both mulching treatments and the measurement dates (8 occasions) showed significantly more favorable values compared to the control tomato plants. No significant differences were found among the treatments for soil temperature, only between the measurement dates. The berry yield for both types of natural mulch exceeded the control values (4.04 kg/plant), with statistically significant differences observed between the untreated (control) and mulched (straw and wool) treatments. No significant difference was noted between the straw (7.54 kg/plant) and wool (6.69 kg/plant) mulched treatments. However, in the case of the wool mulch several practical insights have been provided for future applications, inspiring further research work.

• Analysis of agricultural land use of Hungary (1990–2022)

  109-126

  Ágota Lovász

  János Nagy

  Views:

  42

  In the recent decades, the structure of Hungarian agriculture has undergone significant transformation. Between 1990 and 2022, the number of farms decreased from 1.4 million to 241,000. After the political transition, large-scale collective farms were replaced by small- and medium-sized private holdings; however, later a renewed trend of concentration emerged, especially in arable crop production. By 2022, the share of arable farming rose to 66.8%, while the proportion of horticultural and plantation farms declined.
  In terms of land ownership, medium-sized farms (5–300 hectares) became dominant, while small-scale farming lost ground. The share of large farms also significantly decreased, with land use becoming increasingly concentrated in the hands of mid-sized operators.
  The extent of agricultural land has continuously declined, whereas forested areas expanded. The proportion of land withdrawn from cultivation has increased, primarily due to urbanisation and infrastructure development. Kitchen gardens have almost disappeared, and vineyard, orchard, and grassland areas have also shrunk.
  Changes in cropping patterns were shaped by market conditions and climate factors: the cultivated area of cereals – especially wheat and rye – declined, while sunflower and rapeseed production expanded. The area under most vegetable and fruit crops decreased, with only a few newer crops (e.g., broccoli, zucchini) showing growth.
  The average yields of major crops generally improved due to technological advancement. However, climatic extremes – particularly the severe drought of 2022 – caused substantial declines in productivity.