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Effect of genotype and some agrotechnical factors on quality parameters of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
61-76Views:34In a long-term experiment, the quality parameters (protein, starch, dry matter, wet matter, Zeleny index, grain hardness) of nine winter wheat varieties and hybrids were examined using DA 7250 NIR on calcareous chernozem soil after different previous crops (sweet maize, sunflower, grain maize) in three fertiliser treatments (control, N90+PK, N150+PK). The experimental results demonstrated that the crop rotation had only a small, non-significant effect on quality parameters. Fertilisation and genotype had the greatest effect on these parameters. The obtained results showed that the protein and starch content of wheat genotypes varied in opposite directions with agrotechnical factors. Fertilisation significantly increased the protein content of wheat genotypes (control 7.40–11.73%; N150+PK 11.21–16.22%) and significantly decreased the starch content (control 73.55–76.56%; N150+PK 67.80–75.10%). Dry and wet protein content were significantly modified by fertilisation and genotype. The wet meal content varied from 11.38–23.55% in the control treatment and from 24.38–37.22% in the N150+PK fertiliser treatment. Of the examined genotypes, GK Börzsöny and KG Vitéz belonged to the premium (improvement) baking group on the basis of wet gluten. Zeleny index and grain hardness were significantly increased by fertilisation. Zeleny index varied from 8.30 to 27.63 ml and grain hardness from 16.34 to 69.88 ml in the control treatment and from 31.19 to 42.17 ml and 42.75 to 84.11 ml in the N150+PK treatment, depending on the previous crop and genotype, respectively. Based on long-term experimental results, Hydrock, Hyxperia and Hycardi hybrids showed the best Zeleny index. The genotypes with the best Zeleny index scored only average values for other quality parameters. -
Analysing the smart parameters of maize hybrids
21-36Views:135In this research, excellent maize hybrids grown over a large area in Hungary were tested in a super intensive drip irrigation experiment. The experiment was set up at the University of Debrecen, Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm, Debrecen Educational Farm and Landscape Research Institute (DE AKIT DTTI) the Látókép Crop Production Experimental Station. In our study, eight hybrids with different FAO numbers were analysed under field conditions in drip irrigation long-term experiments. The yield of each genotype and the yield components determining the yield were estimated on the basis of individual sampling after physiological maturity. After sampling, the average individual grain weight, individual grain number, thousand grain weight and yield of each genotype were determined by individual sample processing. Despite unfavourable agro-meteorological factors, intensive production techniques resulted in yields of genotypes H3, H5 and H6 all exceeding 15 t ha-1, indicating high yield stability of the examined genotypes. Two factors, individual grain number and individual grain weight, are of primary importance in the development of yield. Genotype-specific evaluation of these factors revealed that the genotype H6 was prominent in the values of individual grain number, outperforming the other examined hybrids by about 9–34%. In addition, in the experiment, the H5 hybrid also had an individual grain number exceeding 600 grains per ear, significantly outperforming the other tested hybrids. The genotype H4 proved to be the most outstanding in terms of thousand grain weight with a value of 465.71 g. These results showed that the hybrid had 10–27% higher thousand grain weight compared to the other tested genotypes. Of the examined hybrids, H2 and H3, which exceeded 400 g thousand grain weight, showed outstanding values despite the fact that they are short maturity hybrids. -
Testing of primary and secondary tubers of potato parent and breeding lines with different osmotic stress tolerance in an isolated and greenhouse cropping system
37-61Views:46Probably one of the most defining problems of our time is providing food for the growing population of the earth. The aim of today's modern plant cultivation is to minimize risk factors and maximize the possibility of success. In our experiment, we examined potato parent lines (C103, C107) and their breeding lines (C11, C20) with known osmotic stress tolerance, which, based on our previous knowledge, could be valuable breeding subjects for both our current and future research. Primary tubers were made from shoot cultures produced by in vitro micropropagation under isolated conditions, then the harvested primary tubers were planted in green house at two different plant distance and fraction group (normal: T1: 25 cm, F1: 20–45 mm and narrow: T2: 15 cm, F2: -19 mm). We examined the changes in the tuber yield, as well as the influencing role of plant distance both in the amount of harvested tubers and in the distribution between fractions. In the case of the secondary tuber, we observed the emergence dynamics, the leaf height and fresh leaf weight values before harvest, the chlorophyll-a, -b and total chlorophyll content of the fresh leaves, as well as the Fv/Fm values of the chlorophyll fluorescence in the parental pair. The tuber yield measured per plant was lower in all cases for primary tubers at narrower plant distance and for secondary tubers at T2 plant distance was also reduced by about half. Significantly different results in the amount of primary tubers harvested as a result of narrower plant distances were obtained for three (C103, C107, C20) genotypes, and for two (C103, C20) genotypes when examining the secondary tubers. The fractional distribution in the number of primary tubers was positively influenced by plant distance in genotypes C103 (2nd fraction), C20 (3rd fraction), while C107 (3rd fraction) and C11 (3rd fraction) genotypes showed a slightly decrease. The emergence dynamics of the examined secondary tubers depended to a large extent on the characteristics of the genotype, however, the plant distance and fractionation also had a decisive influence. 50% of emergence was measured at the earliest for the C11, the latest for the C107 genotype (DAP 43. and 79.). The plants growing in a narrower plant distance, the 50% emergence ratio and the maximum emergence were generally reached 4–11days later than the plant grown under normal conditions. In the measurements of leaf height, fresh leaf weight, chlorophyll-a, -b and total chlorophyll content, according to genotype and plant number, the values of the C103 parent line and the C20 breeding line were in most cases significantly higher compared to the other two genotypes. As a result of the narrow number of plants, the tuber weight per unit area was significantly reduced in the observed parent (C103, a: 371.97 g/m2; C107, bc: 61.73 g/m2) and breeding lines (C20, b: 97.28 g/m2; C11, c: 2.13 g/m2). The higher number of seedlings and fractional planting resulted in significantly lower values in the weight of secondary tubers for genotypes C103 and C20, and when examining the distribution between fractions, we measured a statistically measurable difference for these two genotypes as well. Our results provide a good basis for learning the development processes of the potato genotypes included in the study and for the creation of breeding lines adapted to the extreme weather conditions of today, for the development of cultivation technology and seed production methods applicable to their specific characteristics. -
Yield and water use efficiency of maize hybrids with different nitrogen responses in a long-term experiment
35-48Views:129Precision crop production and precision nutrient supply are essential factors in modern agricultural practice. The positioning of new maize hybrids is possible with accurate knowledge of the nutrient needs and responses of plants. As our climate becomes increasingly extreme, the exposure of crop production to weather conditions continues to increase, which requires the cultivation and breeding of hybrids that successfully adapt to the environment. In this study, we tested two Syngenta maize hybrids in a long-term experiment at six nitrogen rates (control N0 kg/ha dose and level 60 kg/ha with nitrogen doses increasing to 300 kg/ha), on irrigated and non-irrigated platforms. The experiment was carried out in a drought year (2021), which is not ideal for maize, with poor rainfall. Based on the results, the hybrids showed two different fertilizer reactions.
We can classify SY Minerva as a “workhorse”. This group of hybrids is characterized by the fact that they give sufficient yield even on variable soils, their nitrogen response is already marked at low doses (possibly even without nitrogen application, N0+PK 7.23 t/ha and 9.55 t/ha on non-irrigated and irrigated platforms), at higher doses the nitrogen response is more moderate, and yield depression is also experienced, as in the experimental results (the difference between N240+PK and N300+PK levels was -1.77 t/ha on the non-irrigated platform). The initial (N0 kg/ha active ingredient) nitrogen response of the “racehorse” SY Solandri hybrid is low, however, by increasing the nitrogen dose to a high level, they show an outstanding increase in yield under ideal, near-ideal environmental conditions. This can be seen from the yield response to No+PK and N240+PK levels on both platforms.
On non-irrigated and irrigated platforms, N0+PK levels were 4.62 t/ha and 6.11 t/ha, respectively. N240+PK also produced yields of 10.94 t/ha and 13.25 t/ha under non-irrigated and irrigated conditions. SY Minerva showed outstanding water use results in both treatments with values of 44.4 kg and 40.1 kg/mm in the control plots (N0+PK). SY Solandri had significantly better WUE (Water Use Efficiency) and IRRWUE (IRRigated Water Use Efficiency) values (28.3 and 25.7 kg/mm). Irrigation showed outstanding results for both hybrids in both platforms with optimal N240+PK supply. SY Solandri had an extremely high value of 67.1 kg/mm in the non-irrigated treatment.
Based on results, it can be concluded that genotype plays a major role in the development of water use efficiency, fertilization positively influenced the WUE and IRRWUE values of both tested hybrids related to the control plot. -
Examination of the effects of genotype, previous crop, and fertilisation in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop stand under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions
91-111Views:50In a field experiment, the yield and protein content of winter wheat were examined in two crop rotation systems (bi- and tri-culture), two water supply systems (non-irrigated/irrigated), five nutrient supply levels, and three genotypes. The aim of this experiment was to examine the individual factors and evaluate the various interactions. The results of the experiment showed that there was no significant difference between water supply and genotypes in terms of either yield or protein content. Under the influence of water supply, an average yield increase of 595 kg/ha can be achieved in the case of biculture, while in the case of triculture, an average yield increase of 512 kg/ha can be achieved. In terms of protein content, a decrease can be observed under the influence of irrigation: 0.2% in the case of biculture and 0.28% in the case of triculture. In all four studied treatment combinations, the Hycardi hybrid wheat achieved the highest yield (non-irrigated biculture: 8173 kg/ha; irrigated biculture: 9088 kg/ha; non-irrigated triculture: 10 256 kg/ha; irrigated triculture: 10 763 kg/ha), but this did not differ significantly from the yield results of the other two genotypes. In contrast, significant differences were found between the crop rotation systems. In the triculture crop rotation system, the yield (2044 kg/ha under non-irrigated conditions and 1961 kg/ha under irrigated conditions) and protein content (2% under non-irrigated conditions and and 1.02% under irrigated conditions) than in the two-crop rotation system. There were significant differences between nutrient supply levels. Increasing fertiliser doses also increased yield and, typically, protein content. -
Comparative assessment of the yield parameters of KWS maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids
7-20Views:126Breeding maize hybrids is a slow and expensive process. Maize hybrids perform differently under different environmental conditions and agricultural management practices, making hybrid selection one of the most important management decisions for maize growers. Choosing the right maize hybrid with high yield potential for the location can improve profitability, grain yield and quality at harvest.
The experiment was carried out at the University of Debrecen Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm (AKIT), Debrecen Agricultural and Landscape Research Institute (DTTI), Látókép Crop Production Experimental Station to evaluate the yield parameters of three maize genotypes with different maturity (FAO 350, FAO 400 and FAO 460). Our studies evaluated the yield, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of maize hybrids and the yield determinants of yield.
In terms of yield, in the "potential" field experiments, the excellent FAO 400 maturity maize hybrid KWS FORTURIO achieved a peak yield with a record value of 20.05 t/ha, which exceeded the yield of the other genotypes tested by 12.29–14.83%, a significant difference.
Significant differences in starch content were measured among the tested hybrids, with the highest result obtained by the FAO 350 maturity KWS OLTENIO hybrid with 63.78%.
Based on our analyses, we found that some quantitative and qualitative yield traits are genotype specific, which results support the importance of selecting the most suitable maturity genotype for the production objective. -
Comparative evaluation of yield results and generative parameters of maize hybrids (2025)
21-44Views:65There were significant differences in yield and morphology among the maize hybrids included in the experiment based on the 2025 growing season. The H6 hybrid proved to be the best performing genotype, excelling in terms of yield (21.20 t/ha), individual grain weight (258.19 g), number of kernels, and thousand kernel weight (488.72 g), and achieved significantly better results than the other hybrids in several traits. The H3 hybrid also showed high yield potential (19.36 t/ha) and resulted in high grain weight and favorable SPAD values, proving to be the second most productive genotype. The H5, H4, and H2 hybrids can be classified as normal performers, producing stable but more moderate yield levels and grain weight, but there were significant differences in yield among these hybrids. SPAD values and NDVI values showed clear differences between the hybrids. The H4, H3, and H5 hybrids achieved outstanding SPAD values during the vegetative stage, indicating rapid initial development, while the H6 and H2 hybrids showed balanced SPAD dynamics throughout the entire growing season. Based on NDVI values, the H2 and H5 hybrids proved to be the most stable in the generative stage, indicating their good stress tolerance. Overall, the study showed that yield is influenced by grain weight, grain number, and plant condition indicators, and that the H6 and H3 hybrids represent outstanding agronomic value based on several parameters. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that different genotypes responded differently to the agrometeorological effects present during the unfavorable growing season of 2025, even with the use of drip irrigation. -
Correlation between quality and quantity of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in different crop years
103-118Views:49Winter wheat is one of the most popular arable crops in Hungary and worldwide. Its cultivation dates back thousands of years and it is one of the most versatile crops. Its most important role lies in human nutrition, as it is an important staple food for mankind. The global population boom has led to an increasing demand for food raw materials of sufficient quantity and quality. The most important quality parameters for winter wheat are protein content, gluten content, gluten content, starch content and Zeleny index.
In this comparative genotype experiment, the quality parameters and the relationship between the quantity and quality of winter wheat of different genotypes were investigated in two different rainfall years: a drought year (2021/2022) and a rainfall year (2022/2023). The obtained results show that in the rainy year, the genotypes had significantly higher yield averages and on average higher values for moisture and protein content. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between the quantity and quality of yield for each genotype in both growing seasons and averaged over the two growing seasons. It was found that quality parameters were negatively correlated with yield quantity when averaged over the two examined years and genotypes. -
Complex long-term tillage experiment
31-39Views:147The complex long-term tillage experiment (crop rotation × tillage × fertilisation × irrigation × plant density × genotype) was established in Debrecen in 1989 by Professor János Nagy on the proposal of Academician Béla Győrffy, and is unique in Europe.
The results of our research show that the effects of production factors (irrigation, tillage, plant density, fertilisation) are not independent of each other. We have shown that the interaction between irrigation × fertiliser and plant density × fertiliser is positive, and therefore all three factors should be changed simultaneously when choosing or changing the production level. The values for the main average of the experiment represent a medium (mid-tech) production level when the variance components are decomposed. When aiming for a lower (low-input) production level, it should be taken into account that a reduction in one of the production factors will also diminish the effect of the other two factors. Relatively higher inputs of the two factors will not be efficient. Our research has shown that whatever level of production is desired, the most favourable interaction between water, nutrient supply and plant number must be ensured at the same time. -
Evaluation of maize (Zea mays L.) parameters in different phenophases as a function of heat sums in irrigated production
85-103Views:231In Hungary, maize is one of the most widely grown crops, with a stable area of 0.8–1 million hectares. The reason for this is the exceptional yield of the crop, which allows a significant amount of value to be produced per unit area. Domestic production is mainly used for animal feed, particularly in the poultry and pig sectors, and for feeding ruminants. Its use is not only as food or fodder crops, but is also increasingly important for the production of oil, bioethanol and energy. The intrinsic values of maize – protein, starch and oil – are crucial for its use in industry, feed and food. The nutrient supply of maize is essential to ensure plant development. Adequate nutrient supply is essential to ensure sustainable farming and high yields. The nutrient rates applied must be adapted to the needs of the crop so that the hybrids tolerate stress caused by seasonal effects well and yield security is maintained.
Water deficit is one of the most serious abiotic stresses that negatively affect plant growth, development and yield. Extreme weather conditions reduce yields and threaten stable production. The content, quality and industrial use of maize are closely linked to genetic, ecological and agrotechnical factors. By selecting the appropriate hybrid and applying the appropriate cultivation technology, yield indicators can be adapted to different purposes. In the agrotechnical studies for 2024, the main yield determinants were analysed, and weather was evaluated for each agrotechnical element and phenophase. The research is mainly based on meteorological measurements at the Látókép Experimental Station of the University of Debrecen. In the winter period 2023/24, 283 mm of precipitation fell in 6 months, 69 mm above the long-term average. In June, the weather was free of extremes, with evenly distributed temperatures, but above the multi-year average. The above average rainfall (66 mm), combined with soil moisture in the deeper layers of the soil, ensured a good water supply.
The average temperatures in both July and August were close to record highs (24.2 °C). The exceptional warmth in August (mid to late August) was mainly due to the shortening of the ripening phase. The 29 mm of precipitation in July was less than half the multi-year average and the following month of August was also dry (33 mm). The summer total was 128 mm. In early September, the unseasonably warm weather continued, with the first decade showing a positive anomaly of nearly 7 °C. The physiological maturity of the maize and its rapid drainage and drying allowed early harvesting. The year 2024 was marked by a marked dichotomy in terms of maize production.
Our field maize experiments allowed us to record the phenophases of the plants throughout the growing season (Hanway scale). As a new result, our analyses showed that, especially in the generative phase, more accurate data were obtained when taking into account the useful heat sum (HU) calculations. From emergence to silking, 60 days passed using 545 HU of heat sum. From silking to waxy maturation (R4) 32 days and 422 HU were needed. It was found that from silking to physiological maturation, typical of the genotype, 815 HU were required. The yield of maize hybrid H470 under irrigation is excellent (20.76 t/ha). The dry matter incorporation dynamics of the hybrid is outstanding. Dry matter gain was measured weekly. At the physiological maturation phenophase (30 August 2024), using 1360 HU, the dry matter content was 77.1%. The dry matter measurements allowed the evaluation of the water loss dynamics of a maize hybrid with excellent yield potential. Measurements and analyses were performed every seven days. The water loss rate was 5.5% in the first week, 5.8% in the second week, 4.6% in the third week and 6.9% in the fourth week. At physiological maturation, grain moisture showed a favourable value (22.9%). After physiological maturation, the daily water loss was 0.23% during the 21-day period. -
The impact of irrigation and basal and top dressing fertilisation on the chlorophyll concentration and yield of maize hybrids in extreme dry years
7-30Views:83The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of irrigation and the amount and timing of application of nitrogen basal and top dressing fertilisation on the chlorophyll concentration (SPAD) and grain yield of maize hybrids of different genotypes on chernozem soil with lime deposits in an extreme dry year (2022). It was shown that moisture deficit impaired the uptake and utilisation of fertilisers by plants. The SPAD value was not affected by fertiliser application in the non-irrigated version, with the expection of the Fornad hybrid (V12180, p<0.05). In the irrigated version, all three hybrids reached the maximum value (p<0.05) under the A60 treatment. Chlorophyll concentration was extremely low at all developmental stages due to drought. The maximum SPAD value (p<0.05) (43.2–48.8) was reached at the V8 phenophase in both the non-irrigated and irrigated versions, and then decreased significantly (10.5–15.4) by the harvesting period. A difference in SPAD value was detected between the hybrids at the early vegetation period, between Armagnac and Merida (p<0.05), where Merida had higher SPAD values in both versions. Yield was increased (p<0.05) when N was applied as a basal fertiliser (A120) at 120 kg/ha, except for the non-irrigated version of the Merida hybrid, which is indicative of the drought tolerance of the hybrid (41.0 SPAD value, V6150 treatment, 10.060 t/ha). Chlorophyll content is sensitive to moisture deficit, so that chlorophyll degradation started early in the growing season, irrigation delayed this process, which was reflected in grain yield depending on genotype and fertiliser treatment. The effect of irrigation was greatest in the treatment V6150 (5.267 t/ha) of the Armagnac hybrid, V690 (4.075 t/ha) of the Fornad hybrid and A120 (4.160 t/ha) of the Merida hybrid. It was found that, under specific conditions (extreme drought), chlorophyll concentration is an effective aid in selecting drought tolerant hybrids. Furthermore, under natural rainfall conditions, in extreme drought years, the early maturity Merida (FAO 380) hybrid can be recommended for cultivation with the V6150 treatment, while the medium maturity Armagnac (FAO 490) hybrid can be recommended for cultivation by applying the A120 treatment, if irrigation is possible. The one-year results of the field experiment are not sufficient to make a definite conclusion, but such an extreme drought year has not occurred in Hungary for four decades. -
The effect of foliar fertilisation on the production technology of maize (Zea mays L.) in the crop years 2021–2022
19-32Views:134Since 1983, long-term field experiments have been carried out at the University of Debrecen's Látókép Experiment Site, where our research was also carried out. In the years 2021–2022, we examined the efficiency of biological foliar fertilisers under precision drip irrigation. Maize stands were treated at the 7–8-leaf stage with foliar sprays of Natur Plasma T biostimulant, Natur Active complex foliar fertiliser, and Zinc and Sulphur Mono additives. The applied foliar fertiliser treatments resulted in yield gains in both years. The use of these microbiological preparations allows rapid and efficient nutrient incorporation during the vegetative and generative cycles. During the growing season, important parameters of maize hybrids (SPAD, NDVI) were measured at critical phenophases (12-leaf stage, silking, physiological maturity). The obtained results showed that the incorporation of foliar fertilisers and biostimulants into agrotechnology improved the strength of maize stands and resulted in additional yield gains over and above the base fertilisation. -
Comparative analyses of tetraploid genotypes produced by androgenesis
113-126Views:44Plant breeding uses androgenesis-derived dihaploids for faster breeding. A small percentage of autotetraploids are also produced during the production of dihaploids. This paper presents a microplot field study of these tetraploids. The experiment used 6–6 diploid-tetraploid pairs, which are the results of three different combinations. In addition to phenological data (emergence, plant height, developmental stage on BBCH scale), yield and its components (panicle length, number of filled grains, number of unfilled grains, fertility) were also determined. The uniform vegetative development of tetraploids did not differ from that of diploids. However, they have a longer cropping period due to the prolongation of the reproductive phase. The least time delay was observed in line of 1087/8/35T, making it one of the shortest growing time tetraploid lines. In addition, this genotype has the highest number of filled grains and the second lowest unfilled grains, causing a very high fertility (~60%). This value is very encouraging, as conventional tetraploid lines have a fertility of 50%, while the new neo-tetraploid and PMeS lines have fertility in the range of 68–80%. With the expansion of experiments, hopefully, the genotypes with higher fertility will be identified. -
Analysing the yield elements of sweet maize (Zea mays conv. saccharata Koern) in irrigation production
97-111Views:138The success of sweet maize cultivation is affected by a number of environmental and technological factors. In addition to choosing the appropriate genotypes to cope with stress effects, it is important to use precision farming techniques, nutrient supply and irrigation adapted to the genotype. Sweet maize is one of the most drought-sensitive crops in arable farming, therefore, the use of precision irrigation farming techniques is essential for successful management. Our experiments were carried out under controlled conditions in three different crop years (2020, 2021, 2022). In June and July, irrigation was carried out with drip irrigation. The raw grain weight per hectare of the GSS sweet maize hybrid differed significantly from year to year. In the unfavourable year 2022, the raw grain yield was 10.400 t/ha. In contrast, in 2021 and 2020, the grain yield was significantly higher, at 1.466 and 2.810 tonnes per hectare, respectively. We measured close, consistent relationships between rainfall and irrigation volume when analysing the combined water use. For 1 mm of water (from precipitation and irrigation), we measured 27.1 kg of grain weight in 2020; 25.6 kg in 2021; and 23.5 kg in the unfavourable growing year 2022. -
Evaluation of smart parameters based on results from maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids of different genotypes
5-28Views:43In Hungary, the efficiency of arable crop production is significantly determined by the quality of maize production practices. The comparative study of maize hybrids and the establishment of a field trial was initiated in 1977 by the KITE in Nádudvar at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the predecessor University of Agricultural Sciences in Debrecen. This is also the reason why the University of Debrecen, in a unique way in Europe, has all the conditions for field experiments (tillage × irrigation × fertilisation × plant number × hybrids × sowing date interactions) at its Látókép Experiment Site. The results of field experiments are suitable for the state-of-the-art development of precision farming technologies. The new scientific findings, in particular the reliable parameters measured in comparative experiments on maize hybrids, will serve the practical application and effectiveness of precision farming.
Using the results of field experiments, we evaluated the smart parameters of four maize hybrids of different genotypes. These parameters help in hybrid selection and adaptation of hybrid-specific precision farming technology. The examined maize hybrids showed excellent phenological traits, i.e. plant height: 320–340 cm, ear height: 138–151 cm, stalk diameter: 20.5–21.5 mm. Leaf area indices varied significantly (3.6–4.7 m2/m2). The highest yield was obtained by hybrid P 9985 (17.53 t/ha), which exceeded the other hybrids by 1.48–2.37 t/ha. The parameters SPAD, NDVI, grain number, thousand grain weight, grain moisture, grain number per ear and ear weight were studied in the experiment. The hybrids had excellent content values: protein content: 5.7–6.5%, starch content: 75.2–76.5%, oil content: 3.1–3.6%.
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