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• Impact of different production techniques with different intensities on the on the quality of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

  93-108

  Péter Pepó

  Views:

  16

  Interactive effects of crop models, crop rotation and fertiliser application on the quality parameters of winter wheat grain yield in a long-term experiment on calcareous chernozem soil in the growing season of 2023. The results of our research showed that different intensity of technological models (different fungicide use, foliar fertilisers and growth regulators) had no or only partial (tri-culture) significant effects on the quality parameters (protein, starch, dry and wet gluten content, Zeleny index, grain hardness) of wheat. Protein and starch content showed a negative correlation. Higher values of protein, dry and wet gluten, Zeleny index and grain hardness were measured in the tri-culture rotation than in the biculture rotation. Of the quality indicators, only starch content was higher in biculture. The highest significant effect of fertilisation on the quality parameters was observed. The protein, dry and wet gluten contents increased with increasing fertiliser rates in the intervals 7.58–13.42%, 4.48–11.32%, 12.06–31.10% in biculture and 7.93–14.41%, 5.45–12.85% and 13.86–34.79% in triculture, respectively. In biculture, in the N200+PK (highest) fertiliser treatment, the wet gluten content reached the milling category I (31.13–32.10%), which is of good quality, while in triculture, the milling category I (31.22–32.62%) was already reached in the N100+PK fertiliser treatment, and in the N200+PK treatment, these values (34.55–34.79%) were in the premium quality category. In triculture crop rotation, protein, dry and wet gluten contents were significantly increased in the control (without fertiliser and foliar fertiliser) treatment due to the physiological activating effects of foliar fertilisers when super intensive technology was applied. Zeleny index and grain hardness values were lower in biculture (4.66–34.51 ml and 10.9–86.1, respectively) than in triculture (12.86–39.61 ml and 29.0–93.1, respectively), and significantly increased with fertiliser application in both rotations.

• Effect of basal and top-dressing fertilisation and irrigation on leaf area index and yield in maize stands

  101-118

  Péter Zagyi

  Éva Horváth

  András Tamás

  Károly Simon

  Adrienn Széles

  Views:

  19

  The effects of basal and top-dressing fertilisation and irrigation on leaf area index (LAI) and yield in maize in an extreme dry year (2022) were investigated. The studies were carried out in Hungary, at the University of Debrecen Látókép Experiment Site on calcareous chernozem soil. In the field experiments, nitrogen (N) was applied as a basal and top-dressing fertiliser in split rates in a non-fertilised control (A0). The spring application rates of 60 and 120 kg N/ha (A60, A120), applied as spring basal fertiliser, were followed by two top dressings at V6 and V12 phenophases (V690, V6150 and V12120, V12180), at rates of +30 and +30 kg N/ha, respectively. The application rate was 115 mm of irrigation water. Based on the results of the test year, it can be concluded that in the different phenological stages (V8, V10, V12, Vn, VT, R1 R3, R6), averaged over the hybrids and treatments, LAI values increased in the vegetative development stage. The highest value was observed in the Vn phenological phase (irrigated 3.074±0.595; non-irrigated: 2.495±0.324) (p<0.05). The lowest LAI values were measured in the A0 treatment (irrigated: 1.663±0.633; non-irrigated: 1.324±0.455), while the highest values were measured in both irrigated (2.620±0.928 m2/m2; p<0.05) and non-irrigated (1.702±0.622; p<0.05) conditions in the A120 treatment. There was no significant increase in LAI as a result of top-dressing. The lowest fertiliser rate (A60) increased yield by 92.3% under irrigated conditions and by 64.7% under non-irrigated conditions compared to the A0 treatment. The 120 kg N/ha basal treatment resulted in a further yield increase compared to the 60 kg N/ha basal treatment (irrigated: +19.8%; non-irrigated: +24.4%). The highest significant yield was obtained with the A120 treatment (irrigated: 11.863±1.104 t/ha; non-irrigated: 8.649±0.971 t/ha; p<0.05). A different degree of correlation between LAI and yield was found as the phenological stages progressed. Under irrigated conditions, LAI values measured at the VT (r=0.753***) phenophase had the greatest effect on yield. Under non-irrigated conditions, the Vn (r=0.602***) phenological stage showed the strongest correlation between the two factors. The research carried out contributes to increase the target yield, to achieve sustainable production and to make appropriate decisions in extreme dry years.

• The impact of irrigation and basal and top dressing fertilisation on the chlorophyll concentration and yield of maize hybrids in extreme dry years

  7-30

  Adrienn Széles

  Éva Horváth

  Károly Simon

  Péter Zagyi

  Views:

  22

  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of irrigation and the amount and timing of application of nitrogen basal and top dressing fertilisation on the chlorophyll concentration (SPAD) and grain yield of maize hybrids of different genotypes on chernozem soil with lime deposits in an extreme dry year (2022). It was shown that moisture deficit impaired the uptake and utilisation of fertilisers by plants. The SPAD value was not affected by fertiliser application in the non-irrigated version, with the expection of the Fornad hybrid (V12180, p<0.05). In the irrigated version, all three hybrids reached the maximum value (p<0.05) under the A60 treatment. Chlorophyll concentration was extremely low at all developmental stages due to drought. The maximum SPAD value (p<0.05) (43.2–48.8) was reached at the V8 phenophase in both the non-irrigated and irrigated versions, and then decreased significantly (10.5–15.4) by the harvesting period. A difference in SPAD value was detected between the hybrids at the early vegetation period, between Armagnac and Merida (p<0.05), where Merida had higher SPAD values in both versions. Yield was increased (p<0.05) when N was applied as a basal fertiliser (A120) at 120 kg/ha, except for the non-irrigated version of the Merida hybrid, which is indicative of the drought tolerance of the hybrid (41.0 SPAD value, V6150 treatment, 10.060 t/ha). Chlorophyll content is sensitive to moisture deficit, so that chlorophyll degradation started early in the growing season, irrigation delayed this process, which was reflected in grain yield depending on genotype and fertiliser treatment. The effect of irrigation was greatest in the treatment V6150 (5.267 t/ha) of the Armagnac hybrid, V690 (4.075 t/ha) of the Fornad hybrid and A120 (4.160 t/ha) of the Merida hybrid. It was found that, under specific conditions (extreme drought), chlorophyll concentration is an effective aid in selecting drought tolerant hybrids. Furthermore, under natural rainfall conditions, in extreme drought years, the early maturity Merida (FAO 380) hybrid can be recommended for cultivation with the V6150 treatment, while the medium maturity Armagnac (FAO 490) hybrid can be recommended for cultivation by applying the A120 treatment, if irrigation is possible. The one-year results of the field experiment are not sufficient to make a definite conclusion, but such an extreme drought year has not occurred in Hungary for four decades.

• The effect of foliar fertilisation on the production technology of maize (Zea mays L.) in the crop years 2021–2022

  19-32

  Károly Kith

  Annabella Zelenák

  Ibtissem Balaout

  János Nagy

  Views:

  45

  Since 1983, long-term field experiments have been carried out at the University of Debrecen's Látókép Experiment Site, where our research was also carried out. In the years 2021–2022, we examined the efficiency of biological foliar fertilisers under precision drip irrigation. Maize stands were treated at the 7–8-leaf stage with foliar sprays of Natur Plasma T biostimulant, Natur Active complex foliar fertiliser, and Zinc and Sulphur Mono additives. The applied foliar fertiliser treatments resulted in yield gains in both years. The use of these microbiological preparations allows rapid and efficient nutrient incorporation during the vegetative and generative cycles. During the growing season, important parameters of maize hybrids (SPAD, NDVI) were measured at critical phenophases (12-leaf stage, silking, physiological maturity). The obtained results showed that the incorporation of foliar fertilisers and biostimulants into agrotechnology improved the strength of maize stands and resulted in additional yield gains over and above the base fertilisation.

• Complex long-term tillage experiment

  31-39

  János Nagy

  Béla Gombos

  László Hadászi

  Tamás Rátonyi

  Views:

  46

  The complex long-term tillage experiment (crop rotation × tillage × fertilisation × irrigation × plant density × genotype) was established in Debrecen in 1989 by Professor János Nagy on the proposal of Academician Béla Győrffy, and is unique in Europe.
  The results of our research show that the effects of production factors (irrigation, tillage, plant density, fertilisation) are not independent of each other. We have shown that the interaction between irrigation × fertiliser and plant density × fertiliser is positive, and therefore all three factors should be changed simultaneously when choosing or changing the production level. The values for the main average of the experiment represent a medium (mid-tech) production level when the variance components are decomposed. When aiming for a lower (low-input) production level, it should be taken into account that a reduction in one of the production factors will also diminish the effect of the other two factors. Relatively higher inputs of the two factors will not be efficient. Our research has shown that whatever level of production is desired, the most favourable interaction between water, nutrient supply and plant number must be ensured at the same time.

• Effect of genotype and some agrotechnical factors on quality parameters of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

  61-76

  Péter Pepó

  Views:

  12

  In a long-term experiment, the quality parameters (protein, starch, dry matter, wet matter, Zeleny index, grain hardness) of nine winter wheat varieties and hybrids were examined using DA 7250 NIR on calcareous chernozem soil after different previous crops (sweet maize, sunflower, grain maize) in three fertiliser treatments (control, N90+PK, N150+PK). The experimental results demonstrated that the crop rotation had only a small, non-significant effect on quality parameters. Fertilisation and genotype had the greatest effect on these parameters. The obtained results showed that the protein and starch content of wheat genotypes varied in opposite directions with agrotechnical factors. Fertilisation significantly increased the protein content of wheat genotypes (control 7.40–11.73%; N150+PK 11.21–16.22%) and significantly decreased the starch content (control 73.55–76.56%; N150+PK 67.80–75.10%). Dry and wet protein content were significantly modified by fertilisation and genotype. The wet meal content varied from 11.38–23.55% in the control treatment and from 24.38–37.22% in the N150+PK fertiliser treatment. Of the examined genotypes, GK Börzsöny and KG Vitéz belonged to the premium (improvement) baking group on the basis of wet gluten. Zeleny index and grain hardness were significantly increased by fertilisation. Zeleny index varied from 8.30 to 27.63 ml and grain hardness from 16.34 to 69.88 ml in the control treatment and from 31.19 to 42.17 ml and 42.75 to 84.11 ml in the N150+PK treatment, depending on the previous crop and genotype, respectively. Based on long-term experimental results, Hydrock, Hyxperia and Hycardi hybrids showed the best Zeleny index. The genotypes with the best Zeleny index scored only average values for other quality parameters.

• Effect of some agrotechnical factors on maize (Zea mays L.) on the chemical composition of grain yields

  109-120

  Péter Pepó

  Muhoja Sylivester Nyandi

  Views:

  19

  In a long term experiment (established in 1983), we investigated the grain yield parameters of maize in the year 2023 with favourable water supply on chernozem soil with calcareous loess. The tests were carried out with the DA 7250 NIR instrument. Crop rotation did not significantly affect protein, oil and starch content. The effect of irrigation varied depending on the rotation. In mono- and tri-cultures, irrigation decreased protein content (mono: dry 7.20%, irrigated 6.90%; tri: dry 7.44%, irrigated 7.24%), while starch content increased (mono: dry 64.97%, irrigated 65.22%; tri: dry 64.78%, irrigated 65.06%). Opposite effects were observed in bicultural conditions (protein - dry: 6.88%, irrigated: 7.21%; starch - dry: 65.16%, irrigated 64.18%). Among the agrotechnical elements, fertilisation had the highest significant effect on protein and starch content of maize. In all three crop rotations, increasing fertiliser rates increased the protein content (mean of dry and irrigated treatments from 6.51% to 7.39% in monoculture, from 6.56% to 7.35% in biculture, from 6.97% to 7.35% in tri-culture), 55%), while, on the contrary, the starch content was reduced (from 65.99% to 64.55% in monoculture, from 65.78% to 63.94% in biculture, from 65.15% to 64.42% in triculture). The oil content was not affected by fertilisation.

• Design and analysis of long-term experiments – in memoriam Béla Győrffy (1928–2002) –

  115-138

  Zoltán Berzsenyi

  Views:

  15

  Long-term experiments are indispensable for the analysis of the long-term effects of various crop production methods and technologies. The long-term experiments have been set up in Martonvásár by Győrffy Béla more than 60 years ago and can be considered as part of the national heritage. Measurements made on plots of long-term experiments (LTE) are generally taken each year in the case of crop yield and other plant measurements. While the ANOVA procedure may be applied to repeated measurement data, under restrictive assumptions, other statistical procedures based on multivariate methods are more realistic. A more satisfactory alternative is to perform a mixed model analysis using REML (residual maximum likelihood) methodology. In the long-term crop rotation experiment, we analysed the multifactorial distinction beetween the wheat and maize crop sequences vs. continous cropping using discriminant analysis. The effect of various fertiliser treatments and the year on the yield of maize was studied in long-term maize monoculture and maize-wheat diculture experiments.

• Results of a water and nutrient management (N dose) long-term experiment

  41-55

  János Nagy

  Béla Gombos

  László Hadászi

  Csaba Bojtor

  Views:

  38

  The results of the field experiments provide a stable orientation basis for the continuous, broad development of agriculture. The long-term complex fertilisation experiment established in 1983 at the University of Debrecen's Látókép Experiment Site provides a unique opportunity to compare the nutrient responses of maize genotypes between non-fertilised control plots and five increasing nitrogen application rates in both irrigated and non-irrigated experimental conditions. Based on many years of experimental results, we found statistically proven yield enhancing effects of all nitrogen fertilisation levels. Nitrogen utilisation efficiency was highest at the 60 kg/ha treatment, resulting in 45.8% higher yields. Evaluating the irrigated experimental version, we found that optimal water supply resulted in an increase in yield stability for both the control and increasing nitrogen doses, with less measurable seasonal variability in yield, with a yield increase of 0.49–2.58 t/ha. The effect of irrigation in increasing crop stability was also reflected in fertiliser use efficiency. On average, 120 kg nitrogen/ha increased maize yield by 62–105% and 180 kg nitrogen/ha by 57–112% compared to control plots.

• Examination of the effects of genotype, previous crop, and fertilisation in a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop stand under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions

  91-111

  Tímea Nagyné Mester

  Péter Pepó

  Views:

  16

  In a field experiment, the yield and protein content of winter wheat were examined in two crop rotation systems (bi- and tri-culture), two water supply systems (non-irrigated/irrigated), five nutrient supply levels, and three genotypes. The aim of this experiment was to examine the individual factors and evaluate the various interactions. The results of the experiment showed that there was no significant difference between water supply and genotypes in terms of either yield or protein content. Under the influence of water supply, an average yield increase of 595 kg/ha can be achieved in the case of biculture, while in the case of triculture, an average yield increase of 512 kg/ha can be achieved. In terms of protein content, a decrease can be observed under the influence of irrigation: 0.2% in the case of biculture and 0.28% in the case of triculture. In all four studied treatment combinations, the Hycardi hybrid wheat achieved the highest yield (non-irrigated biculture: 8173 kg/ha; irrigated biculture: 9088 kg/ha; non-irrigated triculture: 10 256 kg/ha; irrigated triculture: 10 763 kg/ha), but this did not differ significantly from the yield results of the other two genotypes. In contrast, significant differences were found between the crop rotation systems. In the triculture crop rotation system, the yield (2044 kg/ha under non-irrigated conditions and 1961 kg/ha under irrigated conditions) and protein content (2% under non-irrigated conditions and and 1.02% under irrigated conditions) than in the two-crop rotation system. There were significant differences between nutrient supply levels. Increasing fertiliser doses also increased yield and, typically, protein content.