Our paper presents a forward looking analytical approach to the territorial development in a region of
the Transylvanian Plain situated in the vicinity of Cluj-Napoca, Romania. We outlined the development of
this region with the means of landscape architecture supported by a comparable assessment. In the age
of Big Data we settled at c...reative usage of traditional analysis. We extracted yet undetected information
from a limited amount of available as yet loosely related data. The key feature of the employed model is
the ontological traceability of cause and effect. Although technology is available to collect enormous data,
expert knowledge gained by education and professional practice cannot be overlooked. We demonstrate
that this method of location based analysis is capable of delivering value added to established principles
of spatial planning in the age of trustworthy, large volume, heterogeneous data.

As nature and greenspaces in urban areas are agreed to enhance children’s appreciation towards nature
and so the purposes of environmental education, it is of high importance to create spaces in and around
schools that allow students to connect to nature on a daily basis. The aim of the study was to analyse
functions and other compon...ents supporting environmental education appear in the open spaces of
school grounds in Budapest, and to understand the main characteristics of school grounds with the
highest potential in environmental education. The study points out that the presence of environmental
educational functions often depends on the size, urban context and location of the school grounds,
however the curriculum of the school does not necessarily influence its open spaces, while the presence
of motivated and engaged teachers does. The study reveals environmental educational functions do
exist in school grounds of primary schools in Budapest, however they play only secondary role behind
active movement and play functions. The schools with the best potentials in environmental education
are without doubt the ones situated on large plots in the suburban zone, mostly with a high proportion
of green spaces in and around the school grounds.

Green spaces are playing an essential role for ecological balance and for human health in the city as well.
They play a fundamental role in providing opportunities for relaxation and enjoying the beauty of nature
for the urban population. Therefore, it is important to produce detailed vegetation maps to assist planners
in designing str...ategies for the optimisation of urban ecosystem services and to provide a suitable plan
for climate change adaptation in one fast growing city. Hence, this research is an investigation using 0.5
m high-resolution multispectral Pléiades data integrated with GIS data and techniques to detect and
evaluate the spatial distribution of vegetation cover in Erbil City. A supervised classification was used
to classify different land cover types, and a normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) was used
to retrieve it for the city districts. Moreover, to evaluate the accessibility of green space based on their
distance and size, a buffer zone criterion was used. The results indicate that the built-up land coverage
is 69% and vegetation land cover is 14%. Regarding NDVI results, the spatial distribution of vegetation
cover was various and, in general, the lowest NDVI values were found in the districts located in the city
centre. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of vegetation land cover regarding the city districts was
non-equal and non-concentric. The newly built districts and the districts far from the Central Business
District (CBD) recorded the lowest vegetation cover compared with the older constructed districts.
Furthermore, most of the districts have a lack of access to green spaces based on their distance and size.
Distance and accessibility of green areas throughout the city are not equally distributed. The majority of
the city districts have access to green areas within radius buffer of two kilometres, whereas the lowest
accessibility observed for those districts located in the northeast of the city in particular (Xanzad,
Brayate, Setaqan and Raperin). Our study is one of the first investigations of decision-making support
of the spatial planning in a fast-growing city in Iraq and will have a utilitarian impact on development
processes and local and regional planning for Erbil City in the future.

Depending on the orientation data, the accuracy of the applied terrain models and the field content
of the orthophotos data of different accuracy can be obtained in the course of analysing orthophotos.
Considering the factors influencing accuracy, differences resulted by the application of different elevation
models are studied in this... paper in two study areas in Hungary. Primary aim of this study is to determine
the magnitude of differences between the co-ordinates of reference points digitized from orthophotos
and that of points measure