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Fajösszetétel és diverzitás változás kiskunsági száraz és nedves fekvésű legelőkön
15-30Views:193Investigations were carried out in wet – next to Tatárszentgyörgy, and dry grass pasture – next to Bugac, both located in Kiskunság, in the central region of Carpathian Basin. Recordings were taken every June of 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 from Tatárszentgyörgy – where cattle were grazed, and 1997, 2005 and 2010 from Bugac, where cattle and sheep were grazed. Coenological recordings were taken in three zones. The first zone ("A" zone) located 0-50 m near the stable, second zone ("B" zone) located 50-150 m from the stable, while the third zone ("C" zone) located farther then 150m from the stable. Analyses of ecological and environmental factors were based on Borhidi’s relative ecological indicators. Life form analyses were performed by Pignatti life form types. For statistical evaluation, R software was applied. Shannon diversity. Based on our results for both dry and wet grasslands, quadrates of "A" zone were well isolated from the rest of the zones. Overgrazing, which involves considerable trampling, vanishes differences among vegetations, thereby promotes weed and disturbance tolerant rich vegetation. The lowest species number and diversity could be found here. Recordings for "B" and "C" zones separated from recordings of "A" zone, furthermore, quadrates of wet and dry grasslands formed separate groups. From recordings of "B" and "C", zone perennial grass species (H caesp) and the emerging perennial (H wrap) species multiplied and these species were the indicators of grazing. The greatest lifeform richment were presented among "B" zone recordings. The amount of intensive grazing indicator species, such as creeping perennials (Hrep) was significant in "B" zone recordings of Tatárszentgyörgy. Grazing stabilised the local vegetation, but increased the ratio of disturbance tolerant species, which was confirmed by conservation evaluation. This is due to the conversion of grassland types, the transition from free grazing to switch grazing, which resulted in an intensive involvement of the more distant "C" zone as well. "A" zones fully converted; they changed into fully reliefs. Further located sample area vegetations were not homogenised by grazing and even helped the preservation of characteristic species. In the aspect of environmental protection, vigorous grazing led to a more valuable vegetation in "B" zone in an arid grassland (Bugac). According to the sample area, wet grasslands from the sandy areas of Kiskunság, preserve nature protection values and grass composition better moving away from stables, due to less grazing pressure. Drier backgrounds tolerate stronger grazing pressure (Bugac), while in case of wetter areas (Tatárszentgyörgy) – considering sustainability – grazing should be carried out with caution.
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Comparison of vegetation of Hungarian Grey Cattle and Hungarian water buffalo pastures in a sample area of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve
59-64Views:125In the present study, we aimed to investigate the coenology of the Kelemen-szék in the Kiskunság National Park. The coenological studies were carried out twice. We compared areas with different vegetation types. During these two surveys, we examined in total 90 quadrats of mixed grazed and fenced control areas. Ones were grazed by Hungarian domestic buffalo and Hungarian grey cattle and others were no grazed. Based on these surveys, it is possible to conclude about spatial and temporal changes in vegetation as a result of livestock husbandry in the area. Due to the size and heterogeneity of the studied area, we intended to investigate small homogeneous areas and respective control areas. Coenological surveys were done on lower and higher lying pastures, saline soil areas and loess areas.
In the study plots, grazing led to stability in the species composition of loess grassland and saline grassland, so that they also satisfy the requirements moof nature conservation. The dominant and character species of the associations, and the typical species of the genus Festuca have a significant cover value. The dense and tall Puccinellia swards require more attention, because they are more vulnerable against grazing. Grazing and extensive livestock husbandry, which can be applied in the future, is a suitable method for the management of lowland areas. In order to conserve the associations, preservation of grazing is necessary. To provide amount of biomass of areas, the grazing has a significant role. The conservation of native loess grasslands, even in the form of fragments, plays an outstanding function. Hence, based on the initial surveys, the combination of Hungarian grey cattle and water buffalo is beneficial in terms of nature conservation.
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Comparison of vegetation of Hungarian Grey Cattle and Domestic water buffalo pastures in a sample area of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve
15-31Views:95We made a coenological study on the Kelemen-szék in the Kiskunság National Park. The coenological studies were carried out twice, in 2014 and 2015. During these two surveys, we examined in total 90 quadrats of mixed grazed and fenced control areas by domestic water buffalo and Hungarian Grey Cattle. Due to the size and heterogeneity of the studied area, we intended to investigate small homogeneous areas and respective control areas. Coenological surveys were done on lower and higher lying pastures, saline soil areas and loess areas.
The studied areas were assessed based on the Borhidi relative plant ecological indicators NB (relative nitrogen values) and WB (relative groundwater and soil moisture indicator values). The distribution of nature conservation value categories (TVK) and social behavior types (SzMT) were used to assess the areas. Cluster analysis and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the data.
The data were assessed based on both habitat condition in terms of naturalness condition. On the other hand, relative ecological indicators of the occurred species. Our objectives were to provide a detailed description of the vegetation composition of the study areas, to assess the changes in grassland composition and their conservation impacts as a result of grazing and its abandonment, to assess the impact of grazing on the occurrence of protected species and weed species, and to assess grazing as a conservation habitat management practice.
The examination of the species composition showed that the loess and saline soil areas grazed by domestic water buffalos and Hungarian Grey Cattle provided a better composition of grassland in terms of natural condition compared to the control areas. In the dense and tall Puccinellia swards vegetation type, grazing requires more attention, because it is more vulnerable to grazing, has fewer species and is more damageable.
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Examination of coenological and grassland management of sheep- and cattle pasture in lands of Kiskunság
39-45Views:159The coenological relevés were prepared in 2007 and 2008 on two pasture-lands in the Great Hungarian Plain. areas situated inside and near (0 to 50 meters far from) an animal husbandry farm belong to the first group. Coenological relevés gained from areas situated 50 to 150 meters far from intensively used areas belong to the second group. Data evaluation was made with considering naturalness state in case of habitats, and on the other hand, according to relative ecological factors of occurring species. Primarily, degradation of areas could be experienced. These negative processes are extremely heavy inside and near the animal husbandry farm.
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Fitomassza dinamika homoki gyepek szekunder szukcessziója során
3-10Views:99A szántóföldi művelés alól kivont területek kiterjedése egész Európában, így hazánkban is növekszik és természetvédelmi szempontból kívánatos, hogy ezeken a területeken gyepek jöjjenek létre. Gyepterületek létrehozása támaszkodhat csupán spontán szukcessziós folyamatokra, mely akkor lehet hatékony, ha a természetes gyepek fajainak lokális propagulum-forrásai biztosítottak. A gyepregeneráció során végbemenő vegetációdinamikai folyamatok és fajgazdagság változások finom léptékű elemzésére remek lehetőséget nyújtanak a fitomassza frakciók elemzésén alapuló vizsgálati módszerek. A fitomassza mérése pontosabb képet ad a növények tényleges mennyiségi viszonyairól, emellett ezzel a módszerrel megállapítható a holt fitomassza mennyisége is, ami jelentősen befolyásolja a növényfajok csírázási és megtelepedési esélyeit. Célunk a Kiskunsági Nemzeti Park területén található homoki parlagok spontán szukcessziójának tér-idő helyettesítéses vizsgálatával a következő kutatási kérdések megválaszolása volt: (1) Hogyan változik a homoki gyepekre jellemző célfajok fajszáma és tömegessége a szukcesszió során? (2) Hogyan változik a fő fitomassza frakciók mennyisége a szukcesszió során? (3) Milyen a természetközeli gyepek regenerálódásának dinamikája a vizsgált parlagokon? Eredményeink alapján a homoki gyepekre jellemző célfajok mennyisége nagyobb volt az idősebb parlagokon, mint a fiatalabb parlagokon. Kimutattuk, hogy a célfajok többsége már a fiatal parlagokon is megtelepedett, ehhez képest csupán néhány új célfaj jelent meg az idős parlagokon. Ezek az eredmények összhangban vannak a „initial floral composition” és a lassuló szukcesszió elméletével, melyek szerint a szukcesszió végkimenetelét a már kezdeti szakaszban jelen lévő fajok határozzák meg, és a vegetációs változások mértéke évről évre csökken a szukcessziós kor előrehaladtával. Vizsgálatunkban kimutattuk, hogy a talaj kálium- és foszfor-tartalma a fiatal parlagokon volt a legnagyobb, a nitrogén mennyiségének tekintetében azonban növekedést tapasztaltunk a parlagok korának növekedésével. Feltehetően a talaj nitrogénmennyiségének növekedésével magyarázható az is, hogy az összfitomassza és az avar mennyisége az idős parlagokon volt a legmagasabb. Vizsgálataink során megállapítottuk, hogy a középidős és idős parlagok fajkészlete jól elkülönült a fiatal parlagok fajkészletétől és a parlagokon zajló vegetációfejlődés a referencia gyepek irányába mutatott.