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• The effects of fertilization on a 6 years old established grassland

  19-30

  Imre Kadar

  Imre Vinczeffy

  Peter Ragalyi

  Views:

  67

  The effect of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations were examined in the 33rd year of a long-term fertilization experiment on the yield and mineral element content of a 6 years old established all-grass sward in 2006, with seed mixture of eight grass species. The trial was established on a calcareous chernozem soil. The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4N×4P×4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, super phosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. The 1st cut was made on 08th June, the 2nd one on 11th September. During the vegetation period of 8.5 months in 2006, the site had a total of 397 mm precipitation. The lay-out, method and main results of the trial were published earlier (Kádár, 2004, 2008; Kádár és Győri, 2004, 2005). Main conclusions of this study are as follows:

  1. The 1st cut hay yield gave the ¾ of the total yield. Highest yields were reached with the 200 kg/ha/year N-fertilization on soil well supplied with P (Ammonium-lactate soluble P2O5: 214 mg/kg). The yield of NP control plots increased from 1.5 t/ha to about 7.5 t/ha as a function of the N×P positive interaction. The rising P supply alone was not able to enhance the yield, however the N fertilization gave 3.5 t/ha hay surplus even in the P-control treatments. N and P fertilization together resulted in 6.0-6.5 t/ha yield surpluses. The effect of K fertilization also reached 1 t/ha on the NP levels where the ammonium-lactate soluble K2O content fell below 150 mg/kg.
  2. The 2nd cut hay gave 0.5 t/ha on the NP-control plots unfertilized for 33 years, and 2.5 t/ha on the 300 kg/ha/year N treatment with well P-supply. The two cuts together resulted in yield levels between 2-10 t/ha according to the extreme NPK supply. In this year, with relatively good amount of precipitation, the hay yield surpluses for 1 kg N were 47-33-23 kg for the 100-200-300 kg/ha treatments.
  3. The C/N ratio of the 1st cut was narrowed (from 52 to 24) with N-supply and the concentration of N as well as most of the cations increased with the rising N fertilization. In the low yield of the 2nd cut the elements, metals were accumulated. The P, S and Sr were enriched in hay as a result of rising P supply, as superphosphate contains these elements. Antagonistic effect of P predominated in the uptake of other elements, metals (Na, Zn, Cu, Mo, Cr, Co). K content of the hay was lifting while other elements were dropping with the increasing K fertilization partly as a result of dilution effect (N, P, S) and mainly because of cation antagonism (Ca, Mg, Na, Sr). K-B antagonism also appeared.
  4. The N×K interactions resulted in 2-fold Sr and 18-22 fold Na content changes while N×P caused 18-22 fold changes in Mo contents, especially at the 2nd cut. As it can be seen, fertilization can have drastical effects on soil and crops. The induced element deficiencies or oversupplies can lead to diseases, disturbances in the metabolism of animals, so the soil and fodder analyses are necessary.
  5. Considering the leaf diagnostical data, the satisfactory level will be at 200 kg/ha/year N supply and 150 mg/kg ammonium-lactate soluble P2O5 and K2O level or above. The S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn supply were satisfactory even at the control plots, while the Zn, Cu and B levels showed deficiency. The P/Zn and K/B ratios became adversely wider in some treatments, as well as the narrowing of the Cu/Mo ratio denotes Cu deficiency and Mo oversupply.
  6. The amount of elements uptaken by hay as a sum of the two cuts and as a function of the supply/yield varied between the following values in kg/ha: 17-163 N; 36-122 K; 9-48 Ca; 6-17 P; 4-15 S; 3-14 Mg; 0,3-8,0 Na; 0,2-1,4 Fe; 0,2-0,9 Al and Mn. The other elements showed the following uptake: Zn 33-194, Sr 28-141, Ba 5-46, Cu 5-39, B 5-26, Mo 3-6 g/ha.
  7. The botanical composition was drastically modified by the aging of the grass and the nutrient supply. Only three species remained out of the eight sown species and one immigrated. Coverage of the tall fescue was between 21-70% according to the N×P supply and 44% as average; coverage of cocksfoot varied between 4-24% depending on the treatment and 18% as an average; coverage of crested wheatgrass was between 0-28% and 9% as an average; the immigrant smooth brome covered 0-24% and 9% as an average; Weed cover was 3-4% as an average at the 1st cut. Weeds thrived mainly on those areas where the grass thinned away (extreme NP-deficiency or oversupply). The total plant coverage on NP-deficient soil was about 50%, while on treatments well supplied with NP it amounted 95-97%.

• Benefits from pastures

  129-137

  Imre Vinczeffy

  Views:

  73

  The value of a pasture is determined by natural factors as well by productional methods. In this study, natural factors, such as rainfall, temperature, altitude and soil composition, are examined - these also influence the floral composition of a pasture, which is, again, important regarding the value of a pasture. As regards productional methods, requirements of environment protection as well as professional management are emphasised on the basis of wide-scale experiments conducted in Hungary.

• The Special Value of Pastures in Hungary

  5-24

  Imre Vinczeffy

  Views:

  95

  For centuries, Hungary used to be a beef store for European cities, from Strasburg to Venice. The cattle born and raised on Hungarian pastures were favoured for the excellent quality meat they produced.
  In the 19th century, the tradition of keeping livestock on pastures was gradually replaced by stabling and feeding farm animals with monocultures grown on ploughland. The best pastures were ploughed over and only 30% of those that survived were actually used for grazing. Today, it is mainly pastures in national parks that are used for grazing, while this practice is not typical elsewhere.
  Based on several decades’ experiments, it can be established that grazing livestock has several beneficial effects:
  – pastures provide the most valuable feed for livestock, which sustain their good health conditions,
  – livestock cease to be a source of environment pollution for towns and villages,
  – manure raises the nutritive value of pastures,
  – all the above makes farming more economical
  This study provides evidence for the above, based on experiments and production experience.

• In memoriam Aladár Sipos

  3

  Imre Vinczeffy

  Views:

  66

  Olyan szakember távozott tőlünk, aki széles körű közgazdasági és mezőgazdasági ismeretével sokat lendített a két tudományág hazai helyzetén. Előadásai ésszerűek, közérthetők és világosak voltak, lenyűgözték a hallgatóságot, és mindenki meggyőződött mondanivalójának igazáról.
  Mivel többször tartott gyepgazdálkodási rendezvényeinken előadást, sokan megkérdezték, miként lehetséges, hogy egy közgazdász egy tőle távol álló szakmáról ilyen közérthetően, meggyőzően beszél. A válaszom egyszerű volt: - „Úgy, hogy a saját szakmáját mozaikként kezeli a tudományok gömbjének felületén, de ahhoz a gömböt néhányszor körbe kell járnia, hogy a saját szakmai mondanivalóját megfelelő helyre kapcsolhassa. Mert ő a szakmai ismeretei csúcsán állt, és kereste a lehetőséget, hogy hol hasznosíthat valamit abból, amit élete során összeszedett. Ezért volt meggyőző minden előadása.”

• Microbiological characteristics of selected medicinal plants from grassland

  35-38

  Agnes Olah

  Mariann Kota

  Imre Vinczeffy

  Views:

  94

  A gyepekben jelentős mennyiségben előforduló gyógyhatású növények a legelő állatok számára takarmányforrásként szolgálnak. Ezért fontos e növények takarmányozási értéke, ugyanakkor értékes információkat nyújthat azok mikrobiológiai vizsgálati eredménye is. Dolgozatunkban, a gyepekben előforduló gyógyhatású növények mikrobiológiai vizsgálatait végeztük el.
       Debrecen környéki természetes gyepekről 25 gyógyhatású növényt gyűjtöttünk be, az Equisetum arvense és a Tussilago farfara kivételével virágzó fenofázisban. A természetes állapotban mosás nélkül szárított növényeket az érvényben lévő és takarmányokra kidolgozott MSZ alapján vizsgáltuk. Meghatároztuk a szárított növényliszt összes csíraszámát, valamint a penészszámot, az eredményeket 1g száraz anyagra adtuk meg. A mikrobiológiai eredményeket összehasonítottuk a Takarmánykódexben lévő és takarmányokra vonatkozó határértékekkel. Azoknál a növényeknél, ahol a mikrobiológiai paraméter több nagyságrenddel alatta marad a megengedett határértéknél, valószínűsíthető, hogy fungicid és/vagy baktericid hatással rendelkeznek. A 25 növényből az Achillea millefolium, Eryngium campestre és a Tussilago farfara fungicid, a Hypericum perforatum bactericid, míg a Salvia nemorosa és az Urtica dioica mind baktericid, mind fungicid, hatással is rendelkezik. A gyepalkotó gyógynövények takarmányforrásként betöltött szerepe mellett tehát nagyon fontos azok természetes baktericid és fungicid hatása is. 

• Shall we graze?

  36-39

  Imre Vinczeffy

  Views:

  64

  Since the end of the 18th century, since 1780, this question has been raised more and more frequently. At that time, an acknowledged authority wrote in his book that we should not graze and the number of those against grazing has been increasing since then. Nowadays many scientific popular and scientific articles are published against grazing.
  This short summary examines the question from the aspect of the users and describes those obvious reasons which cannot be neglected. The herds of grazing animals were welcomed by the cities of western countries from Strasbourg to Venice because of their excellent meat quality. This export gave 70% of the country’s revenue.
  For the above reasons, the answer to the question of the title is definitely yes!!

• Characteristics of Grassland Management in Hungary

  4-12

  Imre Vinczeffy

  Views:

  101

  For one thousand years the Hungarians kept animals on pastures and lived from animal husbandry by selling their livestock in western Europe.
  In the 19^th cebtury they began to keep animals in stalls, feeding them with monocultures grown on plough lands. The quality of their animals deteriorated in this manner, and keeping them became expensive. Some of the original pastures were broken up, others turned into woodland and only 30% remain today. Between 1975-1995, th ruminant livestock in Hungary fell by 43% due to the price policy.
  According to research and experience gained on agricultural farms, keeping animals on pastures is fruitful, proper from a professional in addition point of view and significantly reduces environment pollution. It would thus advisable to readopt the method of animal husbandry based on grazing.