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• THE PHILOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR IN EARLY FRENCH PRE-UNIVERSITIES

  45-64

  WILKEN ENGELBRECHT

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  67

  The article will demonstrate how early French pre-universities in the Loire valley began to look at texts written by Roman writers such as Horace, Ovid and Virgil with the aim of interpreting and explaining the text as Roman texts, without trying to search for ‘hidden meanings’. The article will focus on the philological Ovid-commentary by William of Orléans (c1200), this being a clear example of this philological way of thinking. This approach to classical ‘pagan’ texts provoked a strong reaction that finally resulted in an allegorising interpretation of the classical texts and often the elimination of such texts from the school curriculum. This was the situation which early humanists protested against.

   

   

  A tanulmány azt vizsgálja, hogyan kezdtek el foglalkozni a Loire-menti kora francia előegyetemeken római írók, például Horatius, Ovidius, Virgilus munkáival, abból a célból, hogy a szövegeket római szövegként mindenféle „rejtett értelem” nélkül magyarázzák. Jelen tanulmány Orléans-i Vilmos (1200 körül) Ovidius filológiai kommentárjaival foglalkozik, amely a filológiai gondolkodás kiváló példáját adja. Az ilyen klasszikus „pogány” szövegekhez való visszanyúlás heves indulatokat váltott ki és a klasszikus szövegek allegorikus magyarázatához, majd pedig gyakran a szövegek iskolai tananyagból való eltüntetéséhez vezetett. A korai humanisták tiltakoztak ezen helyzet ellen.

   

• ARS DICTAMINIS - RHETORICA BONA ET UTILIS. THEORY OF LETTERS, EXAMPLES OF SAMPLE LETTERS AND COLLECTIONS OF LETTERS.

  31-73

  Meta Niederkorn

  Views:

  137

  Since Antiquity Rhetoric, Ars Dictaminis and different types of Prose-Composition have great importance within education on the one hand, but on the other hand, we can see the different ways to localize Rhetorica within the canon oft liberal arts. Latest with Alcuin Rhetorica became the main point in practice in ruling. This means that knowledge of rhetorical precepts got part of the „educatio Regis”, and this we can see at least up to Eneas Silvio de Piccolominibus’ Tractatus de liberis educandi, written for Ladislaus Postumus (d. 23-11-1457). With the eleventh and twelfth century Ars dictandi got his place in educating persons who are specialists in „dictare”, formulating privileges, charters, epistles, and all other different sorts of empowering. With the Universities Rhetorica had his place in Faculty of Arts „Artistenfakultät” in there between Poetria and practice.  Studying for many students meant to get tools to be successful in princely chancelleries, Episcopalian and town (urban) administrations. There exits many examples to give us a survey to the different ways of teaching and gathering examples for „how to write” the different sorts of texts-documents in political communication. Here we can see an examples from the third and fourth decade of the fifteenth century, which combines theory (Brieftheorie/Ars dictandi), and examples. Because those examples show us the different themes, because we can see laypeople and clergy throughout all positions in society, and because we find mentioned places we can see the coverage in teaching and ruling. Finally yet importantly, we know by many examples of charters and letters how those compendia artis dictandi also could rule the script.