László Benedek Professor of the Neurology, the Rector Magnificus of the Hungarian Royal István Tisza University of Debrecen during the academic year 1935/1936. The first professor of neurology and psychiatry and the director of the Department of Neurology of the University of Debrecen between 1921 and 1936 was László Benedek who studied at Cluj as a student of Károly Lechner. In the academic year of 1935/36 he held the post of the Rector of the university. This period was the era of silent development in the life of the university. Benedek as Rector focused on improving the living circumstances of the students. After his rectorate he was appointed to a professorship of the Péter Pázmány University of Arts and Sciences and the director of the Clinic of Neurology and Psychiatry in Budapest. His wife was the wellknown actress Irén Zilahy. After her tragic death in April 1944 Benedek collapsed and in March 1945 he committed suicide in Kitzbühel in Austria. László Benedek was a brilliant lecturer, an urging leader, and an inventive professor of science whose work in several partial branches of science was outstanding.

History of the Stomatology Clinic in Debrecen under the Leadership of Professor Péter Adler (1946–1979). With the approaching front of the 2nd World War in October 9, 1944, Professor András Csilléry head of the Stomatology Clinic left Debrecen because of his political views, so the institution remained without a leader until 17th November. Thereafter as a substitute, trainees then Stefánia Morvay Assistant Lecturer under the supervision of Professor Gyula Verzár was the head. From June 20, 1946, Péter Adler was assigned to the lead, which was one of the longest leading positions of the Faculty of Medicine since he was director of the clinic until July 1, 1979. Péter Adler graduated from the University of Vienna, where he specialized in the field of Dentistry and worked at the Department of Orthodontics at the Polyclinic of Vienna, while in spring 1939 he had to return home for political reasons. During the war he worked as a translator and then assigned to forced labor, and after the war, he was placed to the Stomatology Clinic in Debrecen. From 1948 he worked as a chief clinician, in 1952 he became candidate of sciences (CSc), and in 1953 he was appointed as a university professor. He received Doctor of Science (DSc) degree in 1957. He was a member of the editorial board of several foreign professional journals, he was accepted by several international editorial boards, wrote several textbooks. He translated two books written by others into German. He was chairman of the Association of Hungarian Dentists and Editor-in-Chief of the Stomatologica Hungarica. The main topics of the research at the Stomatology Clinic are: examination of hypersensitivity to dental anesthetics, clarification of many details of caries epidemiology, proof of the protective effect of fluoride against caries. Under his leadership there was a dynamic scientific work on the Stomatology Clinic, proven by the fact that between 1945–1980 12 books, 487 publications, book chapters and monographs appeared, which was unique among similar national institutions. He lay down the fundaments of the dental education in 1976 and contributed the architectural and professional requirements of the new Stomatology Clinic in 1981.

Studies at Western European Academies and the Hungarian Ramism. Recent schools of the history of ideas do not study the „influence” of one outstanding personality primarily but more the way numerous thinkers receive and utilise elements of the sets of ideas connected to the name. It is especially true in the case of Petrus Ramus. The interpretation of Ramism is not feasible if we focus on exploring one coherent intention of the author (or several of them). It seems more fruitful to study the multi-faceted community of interpreters that was driven to hold certain positions by personal conviction, institutional needs, or confessional identity. These people found the suitable framework for asserting their positions in one or the other of the many processes of Ramism, that is, they connected their aspirations to paradigms that they believed to be Ramist. His earliest acquaintances from Hungary and Transylvania met Ramus in Paris, several of them before his conversion to Protestantism (1561). Outlining these early connections poses no problem, since there are only a handful of Hungarians who had personal connection to him. All of them are members of the humanist elite, professional philologists. The influence of Ramus that came from the German academic world to Hungary and Transylvania seems far more important than the sporadic and haphazard personal connections. These influences are much more multitudinous, because they grow out of the system of connections organically embedded in the studies of Hungarian youngsters at foreign universities. Obviously, Ramus could affect Hungarian and Transylvanian young people by this way only after his reception in Germany started to take shape. This means that this aspect of the processes can be discussed beginning with the 1570s. Early traces are sporadic, and a deeper, systemic influence on thinking and history of ideas in Hungary and Transylvania by Ramism is relevant only from the early 17th century.

The Cooperative Framework between the National Civic School Teacher Training College and the Ferenc József University in the Service of Teacher Training (1928–1947). In my study I demonstrate the creative process of the cooperative framework between two institutions of high education in Szeged, the National Civic School Teacher Training College and the Ferenc József University from the very first school year in Szeged in 1928 until the last one in 1947, that is, until a dispute that ended their cooperation. The discussion was aimed at the rate of role of the two institutions in civic school teacher training. My goal is to review the historical background and the method of research and then give answers to the following questions: what stages did the coming about of the cooperation go through? What effect did this collaboration have on the everyday life of the students? How is the dispute about the creation of the framework presented in the most important organ of civic school teachers, Polgári Iskolai Tanáregyesületi Közlöny (Civic School Teachers Association Gazette)?

The author gives an overview on the history of a quarter of a century of the youngest foreign workshop of Hungarian studies, namely, Department of Hungarian Language and Literature of the Faculty of Humanities of the University of Zagreb. The education on Hungarian studies started in Zagreb in 1944 and was precedented. At the University of Zagreb the Hungarian Language Department was functioning as early as the second half of the 19th century. Form 1904 to 1918, for almost one and a half century at the same place Hungarian language and literature was educated with the direction of professor Dr. Kázmér Greska. After the collapse of the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy the representatives of the Croatian National Council radically put out professor Greska from the university and closed down the department. It was impossible to reorganize it in Yugoslavia between the two world wars. A new possibility came only after the independence of Croatia in 1994. The work in the department restarted on the basis of an interstate contract under the leadership of professor Dr. Milka Jauk-Pinhak and with the partnership of visiting teachers from Hungary. Today, under the management of Orsolya Žagar-Szentesi, 25-30 students start their studies at the department in each year. The function of the special college of translation of poetic works is outstanding. The department in 2002 celebrated the 900 years jubilee of the coronation of Kálmán Könyves as Croatian king with the representative volume of essays entitled Croato-Hungarica. The department was introduced in the „Hungarian issue” of the journal Književna smotra, the Zagreb journal of world literature in 2014 on the 20th jubilee of the department. Their latest publication is With heart and Soul/ Dušom i srcem Hungarian-Croatian Somatic Phraseology/ Mađarsko-hrvatski rječnik somatskih frazema (2018).

Kuno Klebelsberg and the English College of Sárospatak. The study analyses historical aspects and relationships between the English College of Sárospatak (1931–1947), as one of the practical outcome of Kuno Klebelsberg’s education policy and the general features of the cultural and education policy of the time. The making of the College served threefold aims: strenghten the revisionist policy of the regime, emphasize new features of cultural and education policy (cultural superiority, new nationalism) and enforce vivid British–Hungarian relationships. The existence of the College also helped to represent the local and religious interests in the nationwide political theatre of balancing Hungarian Churches. The author reviews the acticity of Kuno Klebelsberg in this project-eg. his speeches, articles, visits to Sárospatak- and also the foundation and educational work of the College. The study emphasizes that tanks to the two decades existence of the College, new Hungarian elite generations were grown up with a deep belief that the only future of Hungary is in the family of nations of western civilization.

The Cultural Policy of Kuno Klebelsberg and the Higher Education. The study presents the higher education policy of one of the best known and succesful Hungarian Minister of Religion and Education (1922–1931) Kuno Klebelsberg (1875–1932). As a politician of a state dismembered to one third of her original size-a consequence of the war loss and the Trianon peace treaty-he became a minister in miserable economic circumstances. With the contribution of him the stabilization of so-called refugee universities (from Kolozsvár and Pozsony to Budapest and then to Szeged [1921] and to Pécs [1923], the Academy of Minery and Forestry from Selmecbánya to Sopron [1918–1919]) could succesfuly be managed. Because of his conservative-liberal political attitude he tried to ease the effects of the so-called Numerus clausus Acts of 1920 which made the university entrance for Jewish Hungarians extremely serious. In 1928 he achieved the modification of that regulation. Instead of Budapest he supported the development of universities of Debrecen, Szeged and Pécs as a consequence of his well-grounded education policy based on decentralization. With his higher education policy he made great contribution to preserve the pre Great War Hungarian higher educational capacity in a dismembered Hungary lost 60% of her original population.

The Archontology of Lajos Kossuth University of Arts and Sciences (1950–1990), Part XII : Teacher Training Gramm ar School and Teacher Training Primary School. The Archontology of Kossuth University for the School of Arts, the School of Sciences, and for the so-called „Central Units” between January 1, 1950, and December 31, 1990, was compiled on the basis of the personal cards and personal files of the Personnel Department of the Rector’s Office, and the scantily documented section for the 1950s was supplemented from the annually arranged documentary material of the Personnel Office. Even so, however, the existing material fails to be complete. It is impossible to compile the archontology with perfect accuracy. Part XII presents the complete list pertaining to the teacher training grammar school and teacher training elementary school.

Jubilarian Academic Writing: Reflections on Commemorative Volumes of Institutional History. The present survey of both the theoretical ramifications and practical dilemmas of jubilarian academic writing attempts to look at the nature, conceptuality, and generic properties of commemorative writing as representative texts of institutional history in the ”groves of academe.” Particular attention is attributed to those personalized and self-contained volumes which have been earmarked as special gifts by peer-group members – most often colleagues and former students – in honour of professors and associate professors in the year of their jubilee, which also tends to be the year of their retirement. In the history of the Institute of English and American Studies, University of Debrecen, so far 7 Full Professors (listed in the chronological order of the year of their respective jubilees: László Országh [1993 and 2007: 2 vols.], István Pálffy [1999], Péter Egri [2002], Béla Korponay [1998 and 2008], Zoltán Abádi-Nagy [2010; 4 vols.], Donald E. Morse [2011 and 2012: 2 vols.], Zsolt Kálmán Virágos [2012; 2 vols.]) and 4 Associate Professors (Sarolta Kretzoi [2009], Csilla Bertha [2011], Béla Hollósy [2013], and Péter Pelyvás [2014]) have been the beneficiaries of commemorative volumes as special and honorary gifts. The author of the survey painstakingly documents the bibliographical details of all the respective essays published.

Szögi László–Varga Júlia: Magyarországi diákok francia, belga, román, szerb és orosz egyetemeken 1526–1919 I. című könyv recenziója

University and Universality. The Place and Role of the University of Pécs in Europe from the Middle Ages to present Day című kiadvány recenziója

A gyulafehérvár–nagyenyedi Bethlen-kollégium alapítása és története című könyv recenziója

Memorial Conference for Sándor Tonk at Kolozsvár/Cluj. On 5th and 6th of October 2018 colleagues, friends and admirers remembered for the early died Mr. Sándor Tonk who was an excellent representative of the Transylvanian Hungarian histography. The memorial conference was organized by the Research Institute of the Transylvanian Museum Society, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, and Department of the Hungarian History of Babeş-Bolyai University. Those researchers of the above mentioned institutes and Hungarian historians took part at the conference whose research matter was close to the activity of Sándor Tonk or to the Transylvanian histography. The essay below reflects the summarized lectures of the conference and states that in Transylvania a new generation of historians has grown up which continues the work of Sándor Tonk and other historians and develops the Hungarian histography with their new conclusions.