The first thing that comes to one’s mind about hedge funds is risk taking and excelled level of profitability. However, the operation of hedge funds is a disputed and sometimes contradicted process and market participants often express their doubt about the effects of the phenomenon. Therfore, the role of legal regulation is crucial at this field. Avoiding the effect of the afore mentioned regulations is however still intended by many funds that operate all over the world. This paper intends to offer a deeper insight in to the world of hedge funds and the regulatory background. In light of the 2007-2009 financial crisis the topic seems to be evergreen and the future of hedge funds largely depends on the application of the regulatory reforms based on the recent experiences.

The “agreement on non-competition” is essentially the extension of the protection of the basic economic interest of the employer. While during the employment relationship several labor law provisions protect the interest of both parties, the “agreement on non-competition” is designed to protect the employer’s interests after the termination of the relationship. This means – in return for financial compensation – the former employee needs to refrain from any kind of business competition against his/her former employer. This necessarily involves financial compensation and may have several restrictions, such business or geographical area or time.

The previous Labor Code did not specify for detailed regulation of the issue and the law remained rather vague. It merely referred to the fact that parties – based on their own free will – may enter into such agreement. However the new Labor Code contains explicit regulations under title XVIII of the Act as “Particular Agreements Related to Employment”.

The “agreement on non-competition” belongs to the field of employment law. Unlike the previous Labor Code that categorized this possible agreement as of purely civil law in nature, the new Labor Code declares it to belong under the scope of the Labor Code. The previous regulation even ordered the provisions of the Civil Code to be applied to such agreements however the new legislation brought a conceptual change.

The currently effective regulation provides for a 2-year limitation on such conduct on the employee’s part that would create competition with the employer. The exact amount of the consideration payable for this obligation remains to be decided by the parties however the Labor Code suggests that it shall be based on how difficult the applied restrictions make it for the employee to find another job with his qualifications and experience. As a basic limit the law provides that the amount shall not be less than one-third of the base wage payable for the same period of time.

The “agreement on non-competition” is not to be confused with similar legal institutions. The paper points out two close similarities in the legal system. One being the employee’s obligation of confidentiality; this prevails after termination of the employment relationship as well without any time or similar restrictions and even without any financial compensation. The other one is the so called “non-compete” agreement from the field of competition law. This is applicable after takeovers where the seller shall refrain from engaging into business in the same area as the buyer.

In the field of labor law the time period for the “agreement on non-competition” is up to the agreement of the parties however the new law invokes an upper limit of two years that is following the termination of the employment relationship. This is a decrease from the previous regulation that provided for a period of three years. The agreement can be modified by the consent of both parties just like the employment contract or civil law agreements.

In case of violation of the agreement three cases are to be analyzed. The first is the case of the employee breaching the provisions of the contract. In this case the employee is liable for damages towards his/her former employer. The provisions of the new Civil Code and those of the Labor Code are to be applied to the damages. In the second case the employer may request an injunction to prohibit the employee from any conduct breaching the agreement while the third case involves the breach of the agreement on the employee’s part for which the rules of the Civil Code and the Labor Code are to be applied as well.

Az elmúlt évtizedekben Magyarországon és egész Európában jelentősen megnőtt az élettársi kapcsolatban élők, valamint az élettársi kapcsolatból született gyermekek száma. E tények, társadalmi tapasztalatok miatt szükség volt az élettársi kapcsolatra vonatkozó magyar szabályozás jelentős módosítására is, amire az új Polgári Törvénykönyvben került sor. Az élettársi kapcsolatok nyilvántartásában ugyanakkor fontos szerepet kaptak a közjegyzők. Közjegyző-helyettesi munkám során azt tapasztalatom, hogy a viszonylag gyakori jogszabályi változások miatt az élettársak nincsenek tisztában az élettársi kapcsolat joghatásaival.

Ezért rövid tanulmányomban bemutatom az élettársi kapcsolatra vonatkozó magyar szabályozás múltját, jelenét. Különös figyelmet szentelek a Magyar Országos Közjegyzői Kamara által vezetett Élettársi Nyilatkozatok Nyilvántartásának. Ez az áttekintés kitűnő lehetőséget biztosít a nyilvántartás kezelése során szerzett gyakorlati tapasztalataim és a nyilvántartásról kialakult véleményem megfogalmazására is.

This study focuses on the issues related to the procedures of the Hungarian Authority for Consumer Protection. The article includes the main questions from the field of administrative law, such as the problems of the legal status of consumers and the use of sanctions. I used contextual and teleological methods of interpretation to demonstrate the problems and the possible solutions.

Before the new codex of civil law the law of business associations was cogent, that is why the syndicate agreement became a popular contract again. Yes, I would like to emphasize again, because in the past decade, after the commercial law became valid, this type of agreement and cooperation, what was regulated by the syndicate agreement was well known in the Hungarian civil law. Namely this commercial law had a provision, which said, that every occasional associations i.e. civil association or consortiums, are actually civil associations not business associations. The bottom line is, they are contractual collaborations, with one purpose, to make profit. If someone comes to make this kind of cooperation/collaboration, it has to be regulated by a syndicate agreement.

After the WWII, the syndicate agreement was not popular. By the time when the first law of business association entered into force, this type of cooperation reached high popularity, because of the cogent rules, in respect of the private limited company. This is the reason why the syndicateswith vote became so popular,and they will be after a dispositive civil codex.

First I would like to present syndicate agreement of company law, second I would like to give a brief overview about the syndicate agreement of public law.

A tanulmány arra a kérdésre próbál választ adni, hogy milyen viszonyban van egymással a bírói függetlenség és a tisztességes eljáráshoz való jog.

A magyar bírósági szervezeti rendszeren belül elterjedt álláspont szerint a bírói függetlenséget teljesen korlátozhatatlannak kell tekinteni, a bírói döntés semmilyen módon nem tehető vitássá, és a bíró az ítélkező tevékenysége miatt nem vonható felelősségre. Ezen szemlélettel kapcsolatban szükséges szembeállítani a tisztességes eljáráshoz való jog biztosításából vagy ennek elmulasztásából eredő peres féli valamint alkotmánybírósági alkotmányos elvárásokat illetve a bírósági szervezeti és a bírói egyéni felelősséget.

Ennek keretében a tanulmány első része a bírói függetlenség mibenlétével foglalkozik. A magyar bírósági szervezeti rendszer függetlenségének történeti áttekintése és annak jelenlegi meglétének megállapítása mellett alapvető kérdésként az vetődik fel, hogy az egyéni bírói függetlenség is biztosított-e a rendszeren belül. Az egyéni bírói függetlenség biztosítottságának történeti áttekintése mellett a műben feltárásra kerül a jelenlegi helyzet is. Ezzel kapcsolatban megállapíthatónak tűnik az is. hogy az egyéni bírói függetlenséget biztosító garanciális szabályok hiánya miatt az egyéni bírói függetlenség a korábbi időszakokhoz hasonlóan jelenleg sem biztosított még Magyarországon. Ennek megléte azért lenne fontos, mivel csak így biztosítható a peres felek számára a tisztességes eljáráshoz való jog.

A tisztességes eljáráshoz való jog és a bírói függetlenség egymáshoz való viszonyának megértéséhez nélkülözhetetlen a tisztességes eljáráshoz való tartalmának az ismerete. Erre tekintettel a tanulmányban ismertetésre kerülnek a magyar Alkotmánybíróság jelenlegi gyakorlata alapján a tisztességes eljáráshoz való jogot alkotó alapelvek és alapjogok. Így itt kifejtésre kerül a pártatlan ítélkezéshez a tisztességes tárgyaláshoz és a perek ésszerű határidőn belüli befejezéshez való jog mibenléte is. A fenti alapjogok tartalmának meghatározása mellett a teljesség igénye nélkül feltárásra kerülnek a műben, mindazok a rendes bírósági jogalkalmazási és jogértelmezési problémák, amelyek miatt felmerülhet a bírósági eljárásokkal kapcsolatban a tisztességes eljáráshoz való jog megsértése.

A tisztességes eljáráshoz való jog megsértése esetén felmerül annak a problémája, hogy a sérelmet szenvedő peres fél milyen reparációs igényekkel fordulhat a bíróságok felé, illetve az, hogy az ilyen igények érvényesíthetőségének mekkora az esélye a jelenlegi bírósági szervezeti rendszeren belül. Ezzel összefüggésben kerül a műben tárgyalásra a felelőtlen szervezeti működési forma meghatározása, és a rendes bírósági szervezeti rendszer e szerinti minősülésének okai.

A felelőtlen szervezetként való működés számtalan veszélyt rejt a bírósági szervezeti rendszer tekintetében. Ezek közül a legproblematikusabb a nyílt korrupció megjelenése a bíróságokon. A korrupció meglétének és a felelőtlen szervezetként való működésnek a lehetséges következményei is tárgyalásra kerülnek a tanulmányban.

A szerző aktív bíróként dolgozik jelenleg is a Szegedi Törvényszéken. A tanulmány megírásának célja elsősorban az volt, hogy a szerző ezzel is felhívja a rendes bíróságok jogalkalmazó tevékenysége során felmerülő anomáliákra a figyelmet. A bíróságok tekintélyének a megőrzése érdekében ezen problémák megszüntetése elengedhetetlen, és ezért van szükség ezek feltárására és a további kutatások folytatására.

The paper researches preliminarily the problem of norm-control versus social-control. It criticizes the logical and normative approach of Consctitutional Court’s activity, pointing out this function necessarily deals with values. The paper introduces the ideological and historical antecedents of modern institutional norm-control, touching Grecian and early American ideas. The article finally refers spread of Constitutional Courts and some problematical phenomena of Hungarian Constitutional Court's activity.

The new Hungarian Civil Code also modernizes the non-contractual liability law in several aspects. Even if the so-called general clause of non-contractual liability reamains unchanged, its contstitutive elements are regulated in detail in the new Civil Code. The new Code also introduces some new provisions with regard to liability for dameges caused by a person of lack of discretionary power. The objektive of this survey is to present these changes and to examine its possible impacts on judicial practice.

The individual pardon, exercised by the President of the Republic, has recently become the centre of attention in the media and among the lawyers in context of life imprisonment without parole eligibility. This prompts me to investigate the presidential pardon in this article.

I am dealing with the origins and the standardization of pardon, then I move on to the conditions and criteria the Head of State can take into consideration when making the decision. Afterwards, I am presenting some statistics.

The power of pardon is stipulated by the Fundamental Law of Hungary, and the specific rules can be found in the Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Act and the Punishment Executive Act.

I am focusing on the last one, in which the Government and the Parliament have redressed the problems of life sentence, regarding human rights, with a compulsory procedure of pardon, thus giving the convict the hope of being released from prison. However, this solution raises a few questions, so arguments can be made both for and against it.

According to the new Hungarian Civil Code, the funders of the legal entities have to make contributions to the authorised capital and the two forms of these contributions are the contribution is cash and the contribution in kind. The regulation states that proprietary rights can also be transferred to the capital of businness accociations, by those funders, who are entitled to demise them.

The judicial practice unanimously defined the rules in those cases, when the object of contribution in kind is a certain proprietary right, especially when the right is connected to the real estate. On the other hand, the Civil Code does not contain a list of those proprietary rights, which can be transferred to the authorised capital and unfortunately, different acts contain different lists of these rights.

The three mentioned acts are the following: the personal income tax act, the act about the fees and the accounting act. All of them contain a list of proprietary rights and some of the items are regulated by all the three of them but most of the items are different, which means it is impossible to create an accurate list of these rights. For example, the list in the personal income tax act contains only five items, on the other hand, the accounting act contains two lists and both of them are unfinised.

Because of the lack of unified rules, it is impossible to define which proprietary rights can become the objects of contribution in kind and this misfortunate situation causes a lot of unwanted indefinability and states a lot of questions.

In my essay I introduce this problem and I use a chart to illustrate the differences between the mentioned lists. In my opinion, this problem could be solved with an unified list, which is normative for every regulation in connection with the proprietary rights or the Civil Code should contain a list of those proprietary rights, which can be the objects of contribution in kind.

This essay examines the judicial practice of infringements of personality rights in the online media. The purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of the protection of legal regulation.

The new media law that came into force in 2011 does not include specific measure for online media products, so it is up to the judicial practice to find a solution to tackle the problems brought forth by the differences of online and print press.

Being a legal area where the legal development activity of the judicial practice plays a significant role due to the broad framework of regulation, the joint interpretation of legislation and the practice is necessary to evaluate. Thus the evaluation of the effectiveness of the protection of personality rights is only possible with the joint examination of legal environment and judicial practice.

The starting point is the observation of the characteristics of online media and the comparison with print media through elements that can be relevant in a lawsuit.

The investigation of the judicial practice focuses on the infringement of personality law and the process of press correction, considering that these are the most frequently occurring legal actions in lawsuits.

Absztrakt nélkül.