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• Mycotoxin contamination in maize triggered by arthropod pests and the related protection possibilities

  59-64

  Dávid Horváth

  Views:

  297

  Mycotoxin contamination in harvested maize has increased in the last decades, which can be unequivocally back to the plant health troubles caused by global warming. The increasing of wounds in maize crops was occurred by climate change both on direct (hailstorm) and indirect
  (newly appeared pests) ways. In additional, the settling phytopathogenic microfungi on these plant wounds inflict serious human and animal health problems.
  The changing of Hungarian arthropod pests assemblages stand in the background of this dangerous nuisance complex. The spreading of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) bivoltine ecotype as well as the newly appeared adventive species [cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hbn.), western corn rootworm (Diabrotica v. virgifera LeConte), fourspotted-sapbeetle (Glischrochilus quadrisignatus Say)] in Hungary can be responsible for this situation. In total, all technological elements, which obstruct the damage of these chewing mouthparts pests, as well as moderate the mechanical damage of maize, can be contribute to the reduction of both these phytopathogens injuries and mycotoxin contaminations.

• Effects of cultivation practices and hybrid selection on endofusariosis and mycotoxin contamination in maize

  69-78

  István Kecskés

  Károly Pál

  Adrián Pápai

  Tibor Bartók

  Levente Horváth

  András Csótó

  Views:

  463

  The aim of this study was to determine the levels of deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisin mycotoxins in tillage and no-till systems in 2020 and 2021. Additionally, we sought to establish the levels of internal Fusarium infection in different tillage systems. We examined four tillage systems for two years (conventional tillage (plowing), conservation tillage, reduced tillage, and strip-till). The results indicate that toxin levels varied between the two years, with fumonisin production dominant in 2021, while DON toxin production was dominant in 2020. Regarding internal Fusarium infection, the lowest levels were observed in the plowing system in 2020, whereas in 2021, the lowest levels were measured in the reduced tillage system. Like the low DON levels in 2020, the plowing-based tillage system resulted in the lowest fumonisin levels in 2021. Throughout our experiment, the toxin levels were below the permissible limits for unprocessed corn, with DON levels under 1750 μg kg^-1 and combined fumonisin B1 and B2 levels under 4000 μg kg^-1. However, in areas where toxin contamination is typically problematic, considering the beneficial impact of plowing on reducing toxin contamination might be advisable when planning tillage.

   

• Risk effects of the spread route of mycotoxins

  90-95

  Györgyi Bíró

  János Tamás

  János Borbély

  Lili Mézes

  Gergely Hunyadi

  Views:

  505

  In Hungary the mycotoxin is a great problem, because there are many natural toxins in wheat and maize. These cereals can be found on
  considerable proportion of the country’s sowing area, and they are deterministic food for the population. The direct human and animal
  utilization of the contaminated cereals mean a serious risk in the food chain. In Hungary’s climate the soil is contaminated with pathogen
  moulds, particularly Fusarium species, which increase by respective temperature and moisture content in cereals. The Fusarium can
  decrease the quality of the wheat in different ways: decrease the germination capability and cause visible discoloration and appearance of
  mould, reduces the dry material and nutrient content of the grain. From the toxins produced by the Fusarium genus, the trichotecene (T-2,
  HT-2, deoxinivalenol, nivalenol, diacetoxyscxirpenol, Fusarenon-X) and the estrogenic zearalenon (F-2) are the most common in Hungary.
  The fumonisins (FB1, FB2, FB3) first identified in 1988, relatively newly discovered, are also important. Major proportion of mycotoxins in a
  healthy organization is metabolized by the enzyme system of liver and intestinal bacteria. The toxicity is reduced or even leaves off.
  However, more toxic and biologically active compounds can be formed. For the reduction of mycotoxin-contamination several possibilities
  are available in the case of storage, processing and feeding.

• The roles of mycotoxins in cereal crops production: A comparative study of Hungary and Tanzania

  151-159

  Muhoja Sylivester Nyandi

  Péter Pepó

  Views:

  751

  Although Hungary and Tanzania's climatic, soil, and technological conditions differ significantly in crop production, cereals crop cultivation is of paramount importance; maize crop dominates the cultivated area (Hungary 1 million ha, Tanzania 3 million ha) both from a feed and food point of view. Unfortunately, in both countries, fungal species (Fusaria, Aspergilli, Penicillia, etc.) that produce various mycotoxins on cereals, including maize grains, are a growing concern. The situation is complicated because these fungal species and their toxins can appear not only on cereals but also on other crops. Despite the prevalence of mycotoxins in both countries, studies show higher exposure risks and contamination above tolerable levels for human consumption in Tanzania to Hungary, with Tanzania observing acute aflatoxicosis.