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• Phytoplasma diseases on fruits in Hungary

  24-29

  Sándor Süle

  Views:

  293

  In the last twenty years, three phytoplasma diseases were identified in Hungary, viz. European Stone Fruit Yellows (ESFY) (caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum), pear decline (caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri), and apple proliferation (caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma mali). Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum was isolated from apricot, peach, plum and japanese plum. Cacopsylla pruni the vector of ESFY was also isolated and identified. Infection of Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri was diagnosed from pear and Candidatus Phytoplasma mali was found on apple and pear. The three phytoplasmas cause different damages on their host plants. The most economically important phytoplasma disease is the ESFY. It seriously impairs apricot and japanase plum trees. After infection of apricots and japanese plums show yellowing and defoliation, and within a few years die in apoplexy-like symptoms. The disease on japanese plum is so severe that this fruit practically can not be cultivated in Hungary. Pear decline is the most serious problem especially in intensive pear plantations. The vector Cacopsylla pyri, C. pyrisuga and C. pyricola can be found in almost all pear orchards. Because of the regular presence of psyllids in intensive pear orchards the insecticide control is necessary. Apple proliferation is not an important disease in Hungary. All of our isolations of ’Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ occured in organic orchards and record was not available in Hungary lately.

• Bioreactors in Hungary

  248-254

  Botond Sinóros-Szabó Jr.

  Stephan Maniak

  Views:

  217

  The transformation and utilization of organic materials must occur with the highest degree of environmental conformity. This conformity – in accordance with the guiding principles of the European Union – will result in a new economic and systematical approach. We can establish the profitability of projects with the utilization of surplus effects which characterize multiple-product lines.

• Effects of different groundcover matters on nutrient availability in an integrated apple orchard in Eastern-Hungary

  21-25

  Péter Tamás Nagy

  Views:

  385

  The aim of our study is to examine the effects of different groundcover methods on nutrient availability and uptake of apple orchard. The
  experiment was carried out at the orchard of TEDEJ Rt. at Hajdúnánás-Tedej, in Eastern Hungary. The orchard was set up on lowland chernozem soil in the Nyírség region. It was established in the autumn of 1999, using Idared cultivar grafted on MM106 rootstocks at a spacing of 3.8 x 1.1 m.
  The applied treatments were divided into two groups according to origins and effects. On the one hand, different livestock manures (cow,
  horse and pig), on the other hand different mulch-matters (straw, pine bark mulch, black foil) were used. The different manures and mulches
  were applied on the surface to test the effectiveness of these materials.
  The effectiveness of manure treatments was higher than the other treatments on AL soluble P content of soil. Mostly the manure treatments
  increased the AL soluble K of soil. Our all treatments increased 0.01 M CaCl₂ soluble NO3 ^- -N content of the examined soil layers. The effect
  of manure treatments was the highest. From the results it was evident that the amount of easily soluble organic nitrogen fraction distributed
  more homogeneously than the other mineral N fractions examined.
  Our results can be summarized as follows:
  1. Our results pointed out that the used ground covering matters divided into several categories regarding its effect.
  2. The available N, P and K contents of soil were mostly increased by applying manures.
  3. The effectiveness of straw, mulch and mostly black foil was lower.
  4. Differences were found between nutrient supplying treatments and the treatments which did not supply nutrients.

• Soil Fertility Management in Westsik’s Crop Rotation Experiment

  34-39

  János Lazányi

  Views:

  236

  The crop rotation experiment, established by Vilmos Westsik in 1929, is the best known and most remarkable example of continuous production in Hungary. It is still used to study the effects of organic manure treatment, develop models and predict the likely effects of different cropping systems on soil properties and crop yields. Westsik’s crop rotation experiment provides data of immediate value to farmers concerning the applications of fertilisers, green, straw and farmyard manure. The experiment also provides a resource of yield, plant and soil data sets for scientific research into the soil and plant processes which control soil fertility, and into the sustainability of production without environmental deterioration. The maintenance of Westsik’s crop rotation experiment can be used to illustrate the value of long-term field experiments.

• The possibility of use of the 0,01 M CaCl2 and Baker- Amacher extractants for the determination of plantavailable potassium

  7-15

  Emese Bertáné Szabó

  Sándor Berényi

  Jakab Loch

  Views:

  211

  The Hungarian fertilizing recommendation systems use AL soil test for the evaluation of potassium supply. The 0.01 M CaCl₂ is a definitely milder extractant, it extracts the easily soluble and exchangeable potassium amount. Its European introduction was already taken into consideration in 1994. The research project on this topic is started in several european countries, also in Hungary at the Department of Agricultural Chemisty of Agricultural University of Debrecen. Another advantage this multielement method is that the different element-ratios can also be calculated.
  The Baker-Amacher extractant’s principle is that it contains a known amount of K, P, Mg in the CaCl₂ solution. During the soil extraction adsorption and desorption process take place, so the adsorption or desorption can be calculated from the original and the final concentrations.
  In this paper we introduce the results of comparing analysis of the samples (n=630) from Soil Information and Monitoring System. Our aim was to measure the use of new extractants beside conventional extractant (AL) for the evaluation of K-supply would be reasonable.
  It can be stated that there is a medium close relationship (r=0.75) between AL-K and 0.01 M CaCl₂-K. My calculations confirmed the results of  former examinations, and proved that the two extractants don’t extract and change the same rate of K-fractions. We found that regression  between 0.01 M CaCl₂ and AL depend on texture classes, pH classes, amount of lime, and organic matter content of soils.
  Comparing the relations between AL and Baker-Amacher we find relatively loose correlation (r=0.45). We stated that there are K-fixing soils among soils considered to be well supplied with potassium by AL. This might be caused by the high amount of mineral clay and the quality of mineral clay. We stated that the dK averages show that the Hungarian nutrient-supply categories characterize generally well K-supplement of soil.
  It can be stated that it would be necessary to use new extractants to specify evaluation of plant available K. We found that the 0.01 M CaCl₂ and Baker-Amacher extractants could complete usefully the AL procedure and could help effective potassium fertilization.