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• Rethinking principles of civil procedure - expectations and experiences:

  118-127.

  Tamás dr. Molnár

  Views:

  192

  The central topic of the present study is certain features of the principles re-regulated during the codification of the Hungarian Code of Civil Procedure. It can be said that the number and content of the principles have also become more concentrated as a result of codification.

  The Act CXXX of 2016 on the Code of Civil Procedure (hereinafter “CPC”) brought a number of conceptual changes, which can also be observed in terms of principles. The principles chapter of the CPC has been renewed, some principles that are not yet known in Hungarian civil procedure law have been laid down. The present study reviews these changes and also seeks to take a position on the content of the principles, with a separate examination of the Principle of Concentration of Proceedings, which has also been identified as a priority objective by the legislator.

  The paper analyzes the academic debates on the principles and attempts to answer whether the experience of the period since its entry into force has met some of the expectations for the reform of the principles. The study examines the changed regulations that have led to opposing views in the literature.

  An important topic of the study is that, in line with the divided structure of the proceeding, the court's intervention activities have also changed. This change can also be observed in the principles, as the Principle of Court's Obligation to Intervene has emerged as a new principle. Some features of the Principle of Truth-telling and Principle of Good Faith are also analyzed.

  The study seeks to shed light on the fundamental issues of civil procedure through foreign examples, in which certain elements of German legislation are mainly mentioned.

• A polgári jog és a munkajog összehasonlítása az alapelvek tükrében

  13-21

  László Bodó

  Views:

  169

  Without abstract

• Richterliche Unabhängigkeit und das Recht zum redlichen Verfahren

  58-85

  László Ravasz

  Views:

  316

  Die Studie versucht die Frage zu beantworten, in welchem Verhältnis die richterliche Unabhängigkeit zum redlichen Verfahren steht.

   

  Aufgrund der im Gerichtssystem verbreiteten Auffassung muss die richterliche Unabhängigkeit als völlig uneinschränkbar betrachtet werden, die richterliche Entscheidung kann auf keinem Fall bestritten werden und der Richter kann wegen der Urteilsfindung nicht zur Verantwortung gezogen werden. Gegenüber dieser Auffassung muss die im Grundgesetz verankerten Erwartungen der Partei und des Verfassungsgerichtshofs zur Sicherung oder Vermeidung des Rechts zu dem redlichen Verfahren und die gerichtliche organisatorische und die individuelle richterliche Verantwortung gegengestellt werden.

   

  In diesen Rahmen befasst sich der erste Teil der Studie mit dem Wesen der richterlichen Unabhängigkeit. Neben der Übersicht der Geschichte der Unabhängigkeit des richterlichen Organisationssystems und neben der Feststellung deren Vorhandenseins ergibt sich die Frage, dass die individuelle richterliche Unabhängigkeit in diesem System gewährleistet ist. Neben der geschichtlichen Übersicht der Gewährleistung der individuellen richterlichen Unabhängigkeit wird in der Studie auch die jetzige Lage vorgestellt. In diesem Zusammenhang scheint es möglich zu sein festzustellen, dass die individuelle richterliche Unabhängigkeit zur Zeit wegen dem Mangel der die individuelle richterliche Unabhängigkeit sichernden Garantieregel weiterhin nicht gewährleistet ist. Deren Vorhandensein wäre auch deswegen wichtig, weil das Recht zum redlichen Verfahren nur auf dieser Art zu gewährleisten ist.

   

  Zum Verstehen das Verhältnis zwischen dem Recht zum redlichen Verfahren und der richterlichen Unabhängigkeit ist die Kenntnis des Inhalts des Rechts zum redlichen Verfahren notwendig. Deswegen werden in der Studie die Grundsätze und Grundrechte zum Recht zum redlichen Verfahren aufgrund der jetzigen Rechtsprechung des Verfassungsgerichtshofs dargestellt. Dargestellt wird auch das Wesen des Rechts zur unparteiischen Urteilsfindung, zur redlichen Verhandlung und zur Beendigung des Verfahrens in sinnvollen Zeitrahmen. Ohne den Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit werden in der Studie neben der Bestimmung des Inhalts der oben erwähnten Grundrechte auch die gerichtliche Rechtsanwendungs- und Rechtsinterpretierungsprobleme dargestellt, weswegen sich die Verletzung des Rechts zum redlichen Gerichtsverfahren ergeben kann.

   

  Bei der Verletzung des Rechts zum redlichen Verfahren ergibt sich das Problem, mit welchen Reparationsansprüchen sich die beschädigte Verfahrenspartei an die Gerichte wenden kann bzw. welche Chance die Rechtsdurchsetzung dieser Ansprüche zur Zeit im jetzigen Gerichtssystem hat. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die Bestimmung der Funktionsform als verantwortungslose Organisation und die Ursachen der Qualifizierung des Gerichtssystems als verantwortungslose Organisation in der Studie behandelt.

   

  Das Funktionieren als verantwortungslose Organisation ist hinsichtlich des richterlichen Organisationssystems sehr gefährlich. Das Gefährlichste ist die Erscheinung der offenen Korruption an den Gerichten. Die möglichen Folgen des Vorhandenseins der Korruption und des Funktionierens als verantwortungslose Organisation werden in der Studie ebenfalls dargestellt.

   

  Der Autor arbeitet auch zur Zeit als Richter am Komitatgericht Szeged. Das Hauptziel der Studie war, die Aufmerksamkeit auf die Anomalien der Rechtsanwendungstätigkeit der Gerichte zu richten. Zur Bewahrung des Ansehens der Gerichte ist die Beseitigung dieser Probleme unbedingt notwendig, deswegen sind die darzustellen und die Forschungen fortzusetzen.

• Enforcement of administrative organization principles in public education administration

  74-84.

  Vilmos Csongor László

  Views:

  126

  After 1990 public educational institutions were maintained and controlled by local governments. This period was the era of decentralization. I am going to examine it in a later parts of my thesis with regard to all of its advantages and disadvantages. After 2011 there was a kind of decentralization by legislation after which it had or could have had an operating role but education became state responsibilities. The state as former branch coordinator thereafter took the role of maintainer besides of its public power authority.

  There have been two crucial changes of two subsystems of administration since its formation in 1990 but mainly after 2010. These changes were partially structural, affecting state organization in several steps then those affecting central integration and the reregulation of local governments reflecting the change in the role of the state and the expansion of Neoweber state ideas and recentralisation.

  Some of these factors were generated by international effects but Hungarian principles also played a role as the hurried and faulty system of task completion was formed in local governments.

  This study analysing how partial conditions are reflected in education administration, how the administration branches followed general tendencies or somehow compared to general changes in public administration. I am also examining how successful it was to deal with these roles together and separate them at certain points.

• The evaulation of practical significance of the CISG and UPICC

  21-40

  Sándor Boros

  Views:

  189

  The main aim of the present study is to determine the real practical relevant and volume through the evaulation the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC). In order to achive the mentioned aims, the study applies the results of the available empirical studies regarding to the CISG, whilst regarding to the UPICC, the study applies the available case law abstracts. In case of the Vienna Convention, it can be obviously stated that, the volume of practical application of the CISG is rather moderate, lags behind the success that the legal literature attributes to it, whilst under the results of revision the available case law in connection with the UPICC, can be declared that, the UNIDROIT Principles mainly promotes the interpretation and completion of the national law and also the international legal instruments, the contracting partie’s intend to apply firstly the UPICC as substantial law, is rather low. Furthermore the study also pay attention the CISG and the UPICC influence to the national law legislation, and declares that, both legal instruments have a huge impact to the national law making. 

• Interpretation anomalies in the Vienna Sale Convention damages practice

  14-26.

  Sándor Boros

  Views:

  230

  The essay is about the interpretion anomalies in connection with damages law practice of The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). This seems to be an essential problem regarding to that the Convention’s breach of contract-system is highly relevant, whereas it must provide a mechanism, which serves international trade between countries with huge legal, economic and social disparaties. At the heart of the system we find damages, which provides an efficient and rapid solution to cure the dysfunctions which can occur with respect to cross-border commercial relationships.

  The provisions of the Convention are of a universal nature, thus they require uniform interpretation and application by the courts of the Contracting States, therefore Article 7, which deals with interpretation of rules and the filling of legal gaps, is indispensable for the successful application of the Convention and the achievement of its objectives. In this essay by analyzing the relevant case law, I was primarily seeking the answer to whether the judges of different countries validate the universiality of the Convention with respect to damages law. In order to answear the question I have analyzed the Convention’s damages practice in relation to interpretation principles set out in Article 7. Within this I have systematically reviewed the practice of Article 74 of the Convention, analyzing a total of 144 cases from 2006 to 2016.

  The revision shows that nine decisions were made during the period under review, where the court has applied national doctrine of liability, law, or practice in connection with the interpretation of Article 74. This method obviously does not promote the realization of uniformity. An internationally uniform sales law will only be realized if it is uniformly applied. For the purpose of the interpretation of the Convention, it follows that requirement the Convention’s provisions must be understood and applied autonomously, separated from their possible national roots. The legal problems discovered in this essay tries to highlight on those issues, which require more attention from the courts, thus confirming the universal character of the Convention.