Judicial independence is a requirement in EU law stemming from the principle of effective judicial protection referred to in Article 19 of the Treaty on the European Union (hereinafter: TEU), and from the right to an effective remedy before a court enshrined in Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (hereinafter: Charter). Furthermore, it forms part of the essence of the right to a fair trial (CJEU C-896/19, 51).

This study focuses on researching judicial independence from material point of view, because it is a question whether a judge can be independent without appropriate remuneration or not, and whether the Hungarian system corresponds to the expectations of the Court of Justice of the European Union (hereinafter: CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter: ECtHR), furthermore charters, reports, opinions and other documents drawn up by bodies of the Council of Europe (hereinafter: CU) or under the aegis of the United Nations (hereinafter: UN).