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IQ versus befolyásolás, avagy az intelligencia hányados és a befolyásolhatóság közötti összefüggések
39-46Views:325This is an essay about the connection of impressionability and intelligence quotient. The intelligence quotient of witness or accused has main role in the criminal procedure.
So, what is the intelligence and the intelligence quotient? The intelligence is a mental power, that contains the quality of argumentation, contemplation, learning, problem solution and the abstract thinking. This mental power helps to understand the happenings in the world. The intelligence quotient of the witness or accused is very important, because the quality of perception is based on the intelligence quotient. The perception shows how they can remember the criminal situations. The intelligence quotient depedns on the the social and cultural enviornment, the inherited qualities, and the personal experiences.
The important question is, which is the stronger, the intelligence or the impressionability. High intelligence quotient is a mean of the witness or accused to escape form impressionability. On the other hand, the authorities try to use the power of influence. So two powers meet in the criminal procedure, the intelligence and the influenceing, and usually the stronger is the winner.
The intelligence quotient has main role in the part of the investigation and the trial. The warnings before the interrogation are written in the difficult language of law. So it would be a problem in the part of investigation, because the witness or accused does not understand these. Because of that they would say or tell something that they would not tell in normal circumstances. The low intelligence makes the accused confess their real or believed sin. The accused with higher intelligence quotient understands much better the warning, and they can use those possibilites the law premits them. Their combinative quality is higher, so they discover another solutions not just the confessing. The authorities shall pay attention to the intelligence quotient of the accused, because the extremly low intelligence quotient would be the sign of mental retardation. The mental retardation is a kind of pathological mental state. The accused who suffers in pathological mental state is not be punishable or his or her punishment may be reduced unlimited.
The language of trials is also difficult and the other problem with it is publicity. The accused with low IQ feels shame because of their low IQ so they want to keep it secret. The accused becomes stressed in the trial so they lose their second chance to make things better, because they are not able to confess without impressions again. Low intelligence quotient usually cooperates with low ability of problem solution, so the accused with low intelligence can’t adapt themselves to the occassion of the trial. This circumstance would influence the judges, when they impose punishment, so the punishment would be stricter.
The conclusion is that the accused with low intelligence quotient meets with some difficulties during the criminal procedure, so the consuels for the defence shall pay attention to them, and help their clients with comments of the legal texts. On the other hand, the authorities shall be out for the good knowledge of mankind.
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Möglicher Einfluss der Mediation auf die Methodologie der Rechtsforschung: ein Fenster zu nicht-doktrinären Rechtsansätzen
121-144Views:312Die Dominanz des Doktrinalismus in der Rechtswissenschaft, insbesondere in den traditionellen europäischen Ländern mit Zivilrecht, ist zu einer akzeptierten Wahrheit geworden. Dennoch begannen neue Methoden für die Rechtsforschung aufzutauchen, die unterschiedliche Ansätze für das Studium des Rechts verfolgen. Dies ist der Fall bei den multidisziplinären und interdisziplinären Methoden, die externe Methoden präsentieren, die verschiedenen Disziplinen offen stehen. Sie widersprechen somit der internen Logik des Doktrinalismus, die im Wesentlichen auf der “Black-Letter-Argumentation” basiert. Mediation ist ein Prozess gemischter sozio-rechtlicher Natur, der unserer Meinung nach das Interesse an einem multidisziplinären Ansatz steigern könnte, insbesondere im gegenwärtigen Kontext der zunehmenden Regulierungstendenzen, die den Rückgriff auf diesen Prozess fördern, und des Versagens traditioneller und formellerer Verfahren wie Gerichtsverfahren, den Prozessbeteiligten kosten- und zeiteffiziente Lösungen zu bieten. Dennoch ist es sinnvoll zu erwähnen, dass es mehrere Hürden gibt, darunter den Widerstand gegen die Mediation, diesen Beitrag zu leisten. Ziel dieses Dokuments ist es, einen Überblick über diese methodologische Debatte und den potenziellen Einfluss der Mediation als Mechanismus zur alternativen Streitbeilegung (ADR) in diesem Zusammenhang zu geben.
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A bírói pervezetés és szubjektivitás – befolyásolás a tárgyalóteremben
59-65Views:356The image of the judicial proceeding and the impressions of the participants are defined by various facts. These are important things, because the prestigious environment and the skill-based human approach are key factors in the acceptance of the judgments. The article analyzes the possibilities of the judicial influence through examples: like the condition of the buildings, the appearance and behavior of the employees and the staff. The statements made by the accused during the investigations are also very important within these topics, because they can justify the charge and predict the process of the proceedings. The personality of judge has great importance in the lead of the proceedings – for example tone, questioning style, situation awareness and logic. These things above are definitely specify the way of the proceedings.
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A közigazgatás szervezeti változásai a szabálysértési jog fórumrendszere tükrében
Views:314The paper introduces the most recent processes taking place within the Hungarian public administration from a special aspect and follows the system of the authorities of the misdemeanor law from the 19th century to nowadays. It presents the system of the monarchy, the councils and the period after the change of regime. The Constitutional Court with its Resolution no. 63/1997 (XII. 12.) declared the dual nature of offences – being against public administration and bagatelle cases pertaining to criminal law – and although with a different legal reasoning, it prescribed the right of access to court in both cases. The mentioned separation has resulted in conceptual problems exerting their influence to this day, at the same time the majority of authors dealing with this field instead of the majority opinion accepted the concurrent explanation of László Sólyom, to which Constitutional Court Judges János Németh and Tamás Lábady also joined. In 2012, however, several important changes took place simultaneously. The new Act on Offenses shifted towards criminal law while it terminated the right of local governments to regulate offenses. In parallel with this, the Act on Local Governments at the beginning provided an opportunity for the local governments to sanction anti-social behavior which was revoked by the Constitutional Court in the same year. The paper investigates the effect of the decisions of the Constitutional Court and analyzes the opportunities of public administration within the present legal framework to apply sanctions and defines those criteria on the basis of which the legislator could settle the current situation.
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Az orvostudomány elméleti, gyakorlati eredményei és a büntetőjog kapcsolata
1-8Views:321In the 19th Century the results of the natural sciences – physics, chemistry –, the technical
achievements incorporated in the medical science, and made the medical science an intensive
progress. This article presents the scientific results, which have the largest relevance regard
the criminal law and which have a significant impact on the science of criminal law and its
affiliates.
The advance of medical science results the appearance on the one part the expansion of the
medical knowledge and medical tasks, on the other hand new offenses and new types of
evidence. The practical application of the results of medical research into the criminal
procedure (blood tests, DNA test, etc.) allows primary the faster detection in the investigative
stage of criminal proceedings, and the making of more reasonable judgments. On the territory
of psychiatry are very important the results of research of the state of consciousness, that
influence the offenders culpableness, because they give an answer to the question, in what
consciousness was the offender at the time of the crime.
This article submitted the most important correspondences of the medical science and
criminal law, and it is established, that the results of the medical science support the further
development of the criminal law and its affiliates. -
A téves ténymegállapítás egyes pszichológiai aspektusai
Views:411Psychology plays a main role in the criminal procedure. The psychological methods started being used only in the 19th century. During the legal proceedings the autorities must deal with people. The behavior of the people is very different. The authorities must know the basic rules of the psichology to understand the accused people and witneses. The human memory has a lot of regularity. The knowledge of these regularities make easier the efforts of the authorities to get the truts. The importance of the pschichological knowledge in the legal occupation is unquestional. Overbearing police methods creat too high risk of false confession and are not likely to yield factually reliable information from the accused. A significant number of confessions that result in wrongful convictions are obtained through coercive questioning. This paper examines false confessions and discusses the psychological and social factors that influence the verdict in criminal procedure and how often do false confessions lead to miscarriages of justice. In determining the admissibility of confession evidence, the courts have to considere factors such as mental abuse in addition to physical force and threats.
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A büntetőeljárás nyilvánosságának jogszabályi hátterében húzódó alapjogi kollíziók feltárása, különös tekintettel az ágazati titokvédelemre
Views:265The right to a fair trial by an independent and impartial tribunal is a fundamental right everybody is entitled to. Through such right, transparency and publicity becomes an important guarantee of the administration of justice, in a broader sense, and as a procedural principle of different court proceedings as well. The collision between the requirements of privacy protection and transparency impose challenges on the legislator, the legal practitioners and on the judicial practice as well, from many aspects. Beyond issues of data protection, these requirements influence the publicity of the courtroom, the publicity of proceedings to the press, and the protection of personality rights.
In the general interpretation publicity is a safeguard which guarantees the indecency and impartiality of the court and it is also a significant instrument of social control. The study distinguishes between the different level of publicity in a criminal procedures such as “socially publicity”, “courtroom publicity” and “client publicity” and examines practicable problems like online-streaming during the criminal court proceeding.
In order to ensure the transparency of courts, the information stored must be provided to the parties, other authorities, and the media, taking into account applicable legal provisions.
When it comes to the operation of courts, one of the biggest problems with regard to the constitutionality of data processing is when the qualification of a particular data is changed several times in different procedural stages, and is – consequently – subject to different legal protection. Needless to say that the same data cannot be considered as both public and protected at the same time in the same procedure. However, this issue arises regularly, which is quite frankly a legal nonsense requiring an immediate and comprehensive solution.
Finally the study mentions some de lege ferenda recommendations as well.
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A fővárosi önkormányzat új szervezetének kialakulása
Views:254After demonstarting a short historical and national angle in my study, I would like to sketch a general survey about the rising and the operation of the capital local government between 1989 and 1994. This period was the beginning of establishing the system of local governments. This period resulted a remarkable turn to the direction of the capital level.
Now this subject belongs to the history of public administration, but it is still a current question from many points of view. It is true that the relationship between the capital and the district local governments is rather contradictionary, as this is true for the relationship of the regime and the government.
The development of the capital local government can be approached only if we examine the whole local government system. The governmental system and its contemporaries made influence to the operation of the capital local government too, especially in two fields, on the one hand the specific structure of the capital local governmental system, on the other hand the disintegrated structure of the capital agglomeration.
The special structure of the capital local government influenced significantly the relationship of the local governments and the capital, and the relationship of the capital and the regime. The sharing of the tasks and the financial sources were a source of tensions between the capital and the districts. There was a great need to use long-term principles in sharing these sources. The conflicts became deeper and deeper, because the competencies were not clearly divided, and some investments failed because of the resistance of the district local governments.
The relationship of the regime and the capital determines the special position of the capital, and the strong dependence on the state supports. This situation can be worse by the conflicts in the political principles of the capital local governments and the regime.
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Előreláthatósági klauzula a szerződések jogában
Views:242The essay is about the clause of foreseeability in connection with damages for breach of a contract. This seems to be a constant problem throughout the history of law how and when it is reasonably to limit the amount of damages in case of breach.
The general principle of full compensation originates in the main purpose of private law, restoring the violated financial situation. At the same time in business relations it often happens that damages occurred as consequences of breach highly exceed the contractual interest of the party and generate indirect damages independent from the violator’s influence. This is considered to be the starting point of the dilemma about restricting the damages availably for compensation.
Full compensation and its relation to breach of a contract occurred in the Hungarian jurisprudence many times. Miklós Világhy suggested the reconsideration of full compensation in contract law in 1971. Attila Harmathy also suggested the implementation of foreseeability clause in the rules of contract law as the ‘best possible way to treat business relations between the parties’.
Due to the historic and social differences various forms of foreseeability are known in the legal systems.
The study examines the development of foreseeability, its first codification in the French Napoleonic Code Civil, its application in the law of the USA and some significant sentences of English courts. The first application of foreseeability was in the infamous Hadley v. Baxendale case, in which an English court worked out the meaning of contemplation rules. In the case of Victoria Laundry Ld. v. Newman Industries Ld. (1949) the court defined the meaning of foreseeability. According to the sentence of the case damages are limited to those that were foreseeable for the party at the time of entering a contract. The study also analyzes the German model of restricting damages of breach. The German theory ensures the possibility of exoneration for the violator if the other party failed to give proper information about the unusual danger of breach in the particular case. If the entitled party acted intentionally, the German law accepts exoneration. The essay demonstrates the adequate causality conception of the German law. This theory states that an act can only be the probable cause if – due to the normal and reasonable procession – it is able to cause such consequence. In our opinion foreseeability gives a stricter and much better solution of restricting damages with a more objective measurement for the obliged party on how to calculate his behavior in a certain contractual relation. The amount of risk can be predicted if the rules of damages for breach are based on foreseeability rather than adequate causality.
The new Hungarian Civil Code plans to establish objective liability in contract law. The only exoneration can be the successful reference to unavoidable external cause. Beside this stricter liability the new Civil Code also introduce the possibility of limitation in damages, the application of foreseeability clause. This seems to be a significant preference for the obliged party. As in the Hungarian legal history foreseeability clause was never used, it is an essential question how judicature will interpret the rule in practice. In our opinion for an adequate application of the new clause it is necessary to take a closer look at the United Nations Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and the interpretation in the American and English case law. This study tries to give some help for it.
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Familienunternehmen und Sydicatsverträge - mögliche Links
99-124Views:282Der Begriff des Familienunternehmens ist im geltenden Recht nicht definiert. Im Falle von Unternehmen, in denen Familienmitglieder einen entscheidenden Einfluss ausüben, erlaubt es nur einen formalen Ansatz. Neben dem formalen Ansatz rechtfertigen jedoch die Substanz des Unternehmens, die Besonderheit der familiären Interessen und Werte, eine Prüfung des Unternehmens unter anderen Gesichtspunkten, die es erlauben, nicht nur die langfristige wirtschaftliche Tätigkeit, sondern auch die Besonderheit der familiären Beziehungen auf der Grundlage des Gesellschaftsrechts zu untersuchen. Es ist daher von größter Bedeutung, dass die Familienunternehmen die familiären Beziehungen, die Notwendigkeit, generationenübergreifend zu agieren und den familiären Charakter des Unternehmens zu schützen, widerspiegeln und das langfristige Wohlergehen der Familie sichern. Die Kombination der formellen und materiellen Elemente lässt den Schluss zu, dass es sich bei Familienunternehmen um besondere juristische Personen handelt, in denen eine bestimmte Familiengemeinschaft einen entscheidenden Einfluss ausübt, spezifische Interessen und Werte hat und vertritt, unter denen der Schutz des Familienvermögens, das Ziel einer generationenübergreifenden Tätigkeit und die Sicherung des langfristigen Wohls der Familienmitglieder hervorzuheben sind. Das Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch sieht neben den klassischen Instrumenten des Gesellschaftsrechts vielfältige Möglichkeiten zur Durchsetzung dieser Interessen vor, darunter auch die Möglichkeit der Syndikatsvertrag.
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Sztereotípiák szerepe a bizonyítási eljárásban
79-85Views:225The aim of the study is to present the creation, development and forms of manifestation of the stereotype, furthermore, to represent how the certain created stereotypes influence the public thinking. The main trend of these ideas is to review whether the different stereotypical assumptions are shown in the course of demonstration and if yes, how they are emphatic. In addition to this I attempt to show how the generalizations gain ground in the criminal proceedings, especially in the demonstration. Prejudice will be examined from the aspect how the way of thinking of the adult population is pervaded by discrimination in Hungary today. My aim is to present how much the generalizations gain ground in the criminal proceedings, within this in the demonstration. In course of information and data collection I was led to the conclusion that in these days the stereotypes play very important role. In the course of my observations it became clearer and clearer to me that numerous stereotypes come round us. We think about different groups of people, things, situations, concepts in stereotypes. The range of stereotypes is quite wide. Stereotypes always have been and will be in human culture. We need them since they help to orientate in the world around us but they can be dangerous as well, since they can affect the minorities, genders and different groups of people disadvantageously.
As I have already mentioned, the main trend is to reveal the criminal projection of prejudice. We have to deal with the stereotypes, we have to know them in order to be able to handle them. I am convinced that some kinds of stereotypes live in everyone, we think in stereotypes many times, even when we do not notice them. If the stereotypes extremely consolidate, stiffen, they can easily become prejudices hurting others. Prejudiced way of thinking hides very much danger, it is important to be aware of the prejudices existing in us and to try to get them over. From the point of view of the topic discrimination can realize in the course of arrest, demonstration, formal accusation and rendition of the judgement.
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Benedikt Carpzov két műve a debreceni levéltárban
1-11.Views:301Jelen tanulmány célja, hogy kultúrtörténeti adalékkal gazdagítson egy a 18. századi magyar büntetőjogtörténet szempontjából fontos kutatási témát. Benedikt Carpzov a 17. századi neves szász jogtudós magyar büntetőjogra gyakorolt hatásának mélyebb feltárása az egyes magyar bírói fórumok esetjogában a 18. századi magyar büntető jogtörténeti kutatások egyik érdekes irányaként határozható meg. Az eddig vizsgált büntetőperanyag alapján Carpzov műveit Debrecen szabad királyi városban is alkalmazták és két munkája fenn is maradt a Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Hajdú-Bihar Megyei Levéltárában. Jelen kutatás erre a két kötetre (közülük is elsősorban a büntetőjogtörténet szempontjából jelentősebbre) fókuszál és próbál meg minél több részletet feltárni különösen azzal kapcsolatban, hogy mikor kerülhettek a kötetek Debrecenbe. A művek vizsgálata, a debreceni büntetőperanyag elemzésén túl, azért lehet hasznos a „carpzovi hatás” kutatása szempontjából, mert a kötetekben található bejegyzések, aláhúzások és más szövegkiemelések vizsgálata segítheti annak megértését, hogy hogyan értelmezték a debreceni jogalkalmazók Carpzov műveit. Jelen írás bevezető tanulmányként a Carpzov-kötetekben található bejegyzések mélyebb vizsgálatát kívánja megalapozni és előkészíteni.
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Beurteilung der praktischen Bedeutung von CISG und UPICC
21-40Views:563Das primäre Ziel dieser Studie ist, durch Untersuchung des Übereinkommens der Vereinten Nationen über Verträge über den internationalen Warenkauf (CISG) und der UNIDROIT Grundregeln für internationale Handelsverträge (UPICC) – als durch die Rechtsliteratur für ausgeprägt bedeutend gehaltene Rechtsinstrumente auf dem Gebiet des internationalen Handelsrechts – festzustellen, wie groß die praktische Relevanz und das Anwendungsvolumen der beiden geprüften Übereinkommen ist. Im Interesse der Verwirklichung der gesetzten Ziele stützt sich die Studie auf die Ergebnisse der hinsichtlich des CISG zur Verfügung stehenden empirischen Forschungen, während sie im Falle von UPICC auf den erreichbaren Auszügen aus der Rechtspraxis basiert. Im Falle von CISG lässt sich feststellen, dass das Volumen der praktischen Anwendung des Übereinkommens bescheiden ist und hinter dem Erfolg zurückbleibt, den die juristische Literatur ihm zuschreibt. Während man infolge der Analyse der über die UPICC veröffentlichten Rechtspraxis auch eindeutig festhalten kann, dass die UNIDROIT Grundregeln in erster Linie dazu dienen, die Auslegung und Ergänzung des nationalen Rechts beziehungsweise der internationalen Übereinkommen zu fördern, doch ist die Bereitschaft der Parteien, UPICC als primäres Instrument anzuwenden, äußerst gering. Weiterhin setzt sich die Studie mit den auf die nationale Gesetzgebung ausgeübten Wirkungen durch beiden Übereinkommen auseinander, im diesem Kreis lässt sich beobachten, dass beide Instrumente in manchen Ländern einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Kodifikation des materiellen bürgerlichen Rechts ausüben.