Keresés

Keresési eredmények

• Gondolatok a szerzői jogi törvény legújabb módosítása kapcsán

  Kiss Tibor

  Megtekintések száma:

  290

  The Act LXXVI of 1999 on Copyright was amended by the Act CVLV of 2005 with effect of 15 April 2006 in compliance with the provisions of the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on measures and procedures to ensure the enforcement of intellectual property rights (hereinafter: “Enforcement-Directive”). The Enforcement-Directive concerns the measures necessary to ensure the enforcement of intellectual property rights (copyrights, patent, trade marks, etc.). The Member States of the European Union had to provide for the proportionate measures and procedures needed to ensure the enforcement of intellectual property rights covered by the Enforcement-Directive. The amended and supplement provisions of the Hungarian Act on Copyright provide efficient shelter for the authors from the infringement of copyright law on the one hand and provide legal (procedural) guarantees for the potential infringers on the other hand.

  There are some new provisions which can be applied against the infringers not only by final judgment but also as provisional and precautionary measures. When a judicial decision has been taken finding an infringement of copyright or neighbouring right, the judicial authorities may serve the infringer with an injunction aimed at prohibiting the continuation of the infringement. The judicial authorities can serve the alleged infringer, or the intermediary whose services are being used by a third party to infringe a right, with an interlocutory injunction intended to prevent any impending infringement of copyright or neighbouring right, or to forbid the continuation of the alleged infringements of copyright or neighbouring right, or to make such continuation subject to the lodging of guarantees intended to ensure the compensation of right holder. The judicial authorities can be empowered to require the applicant to provide any reasonably available evidence to their satisfaction with a sufficient degree of certainty that the applicant is the right holder and that the applicant’s right is being infringed or, that such infringement is imminent. The judicial authorities may order the publication or seizure of bank, financial or commercial documents. The judicial authorities may order the recall, at the infringer’s expense in appropriate cases, of the goods which have been found to infringe copyright or neighbouring right and may order that the goods which have been found to infringe the right, as well as the materials and implements used primarily for the creation or the manufacture of the goods in question, be disposed of outside the channels of commerce, without any compensation being due.  It can be also ordered, that the decision be displayed and published in full or in part in the newspapers or in the internet designated by the right holder.

  The most efficient protection against the usurpation can be satisfied by the parallel regulation of the civil and criminal law. The next steps to be done by the European Union are the criminal law provisions. Besides the regulations, consistent jurisdiction is necessary, in which the courts should play an important role.

• A lízing történeti fejlődése

  Varga Nelli

  Megtekintések száma:

  543

  The mostly economy-inspired legal institution of lease is a relatively new “multidimensional” formation in our law of obligations. Its evolution and development were mostly influenced by economic factors and motivations, which even today determine the intensity of its development. The historical and present day evolution of lease is closely intertwined with the current environment of tax law, accounting and the economy: favourable legal regulation or economic media may result in increased volumes of lease, while an unfavourable legislatorial decision or economic atmosphere may bring setbacks. Historical development in the event of lease is inseparably intertwined with considerations of economics.

  The essay intends to provide an overview of the historical development of lease. We would like to present the development stages of lease in Hungary and on an international level. Outlining the historical development of lease, our purpose is to represent business, tax law and accounting impetuses that had a definitive role in the development and propagation of lease.

• A büntetőjog normalizálódása és az abolíció eszméjének térhódítása Magyarországon: a halálbüntetés szabályozása a ’60-as évek elejétől a ’80-as évek végéig

  Tóth J. Zoltán

  Megtekintések száma:

  171

  The capital punishment was poena ordinaria throughout the history of Hungary. Nevertheless, it was applied most frequently not in the Middle Ages, but in the 20th century. There have never been so many legal executions in our country, than during the World War One and Two, however in lack of reliable statistical data the precise number of the death penalties is not known even in recent years. There were numerous death penalties imposed in the Fifties as well, mainly in the years of retaliation after the Revolution of 1956. Only in 1961 did the situation get back to normal, when implementation of martial law stopped for good and all. In this year the Parliament of the People’s Republic of Hungary passed the Act V of 1961 on the Criminal Code that permitted the infliction of the death penalty for altogether thirty-one criminal offenses (for nine crimes against the state, two crimes against peace and humanity, eight military offenses and twelve common offenses), but this sanction in no cases was qualified as compulsory, the judge had the possibility to impose an imprisonment sentence for 10-15 years in each times. The Criminal Code’s Amendment, the Law Decree No. 28 of 1971 reduced the number of the crimes punishable by death to twenty-six, although a new capital felony, seizure of aircraft, was introduced as well. In 1978 a new Criminal Code, namely the Act IV of 1978, was drafted in which death was also ordered for twenty-six offenses, of them for a new one, Act of Terrorism. Meanwhile the number of the death penalties carried out persistently decreased (in the Sixties there were 129 executions, in the Seventies there were 47 and in the Nineties there were 32). However, the process of the abolition actually started only in 1983 when a conference was organized by the Hungarian Lawyers Alliance to discuss the future of the capital punishment in the Hungarian criminal law. Nevertheless, the Hungarian abolitionist movement gained strength in deed when the League Against Capital Punishment was formed in 1989. In the subsequent year the League asked the newly established Hungarian Constitutional Court to declare the death penalty unconstitutional on the ground that it was contrary to the right to life protected by Article 54 of the Hungarian Constitution. Eventually this happened in 1990 by Constitutional Court Decision No. 23-AB of 31 October 1990. From this time the practice of capital punishment is irrevocably forbidden in Hungary.

• Peter Goodrich és a Satirical Legal Studies

  Bereznay Gábor

  Megtekintések száma:

  119

  Satirical Legal Studies is a study by Peter Goodrich, written in 2005. It was published in Michigan Law Review. I wrote my essay with the purpose of analyzing the main points of this study because – as I know – it has not been translated or published in Hungarian yet.

  Goodrich gives a comprehensive analysis of the history of the satirical genres, making comparisons, revealing the most important characteristics of these kind of writings. It is the function that distinguishes simple humour from satire and especially legal satire. Satire uses humour as a tool for pointing out to relevant legal matters that need to be changed, so it can easily be admitted that the purpose of satire is reform itself. It means also that the satirical tendencies in jurisprudence have always become stronger in times of need for reforms but we can state that independent of this satire has (more or less) always been present throughout the history of jurisprudence.  

  Satire has classical, antique traditions that show us the connections between satire and politics or literature. The literary vein of satire or legal satire is less radical than the other one which is in close connection with politics. The latter, more radical form is called Menippean satire and the style of it has always been a certain call for reforms, it always represented a certain social urge to change some relevant legal matters.

  The study deals with the problems of metaphysical nonsenses in the territory of law, such as for example law would be God made, or it could be unchangeable. Satirical Legal Studies clearly states that these are all contradictional nonsenses. Besides this Satirical Legal Studies has always represented and fought against the social injustice and the injustice of legal institutions.

  These main points guide us to the figure of the Bad Man, whom the author, Goodrich features as the immunological power of the society revealing all the serious social affairs waiting for an answer. Taking all these facts into consideration the Bad Man is not a tool for the idea of Bad, what’s more: he is or can be the cure for a society’s illness if the legal system does not ignore him and his voice at all because his decadence is only the decadence of the certain time and place that he is a part of. The role of satire is to face the legal system with the pure reality and needs in order to become adequately reactive.  

• A bírósági jogkörben okozott kárért való felelősség és az ügyvédi felelősség összehasonlítása a felelősségi mérce szempontjából

  128-148.

  Zsurzsa Zsolt

  Megtekintések száma:

  283

  A tanulmány elsősorban a szerződésen kívüli károkozásért való felelősség egyik speciális alakzatára, a bírósági jogkörben okozott kárért való felelősségre koncentrál. Az utóbbi évek gyakorlata azt mutatja, hogy a bíróságokkal szemben indított kártérítési perek elhanyagolható hányadában marasztalják az eljárt bíróságokat a jogértelmezési vagy jogalkalmazási hibáikkal a feleknek okozott károk miatt. Indokolt ezért annak vizsgálata, hogy ennek a jelenségnek milyen okai lehetnek, valamint, hogy ezek az okok indokolják-e ezt a gyakorlatot. A vizsgálat eredményeként több olyan tényező is azonosítható, amelyek külön-külön is rendkívüli módon megnehezíthetnék a bíróságokkal szembeni igényérvényesítést, kombinálva pedig szinte lehetetlenné teszik azt. Ezen tényezők között elsősorban a kirívóan súlyos jogsértés doktrínáját, valamint a keresetet a jogerős bírósági döntések tartalmi immunitására hivatkozással elutasító ítéleteket lehet megjelölni.

  Kutatásmódszertani szempontból célszerű volt a bíróságok kárfelelőssége kapcsán tett megállapításokat szembe állítani az ügyvédség kárfelelősségének bírói gyakorlatával, ahol egyértelműen megállapítható volt, hogy a bíróságok sokkal szigorúbb elvárhatósági mércét támasztanak, mint a bíróságokkal szemben, holott a két jogászi hivatásrend társadalmi felelőssége és munkaterhe ezt nem indokolná. Összehasonlításra került a két jogászi hivatásrend kárfelelősségének történeti kialakulása, a felelősségük jogszabályi háttere és a kapcsolódó joggyakorlat, rövid kitekintést téve külföldi példákra is. Az átfogó elemzés alapján javaslatok megfogalmazására kerül sor a jogalkalmazás és a jogalkotó számára is.

• Skócia és Anglia – reform a tisztességtelen kereskedelmi gyakorlatok terén

  35-42

  Tárczy Edit Zsuzsanna

  Megtekintések száma:

  131

  After the implementation of the 2005/29/EC Directive on unfair commercial practices (hereafter: UCPD) in the United Kingdom is has been discovered that the misleading and the aggressive practices are targeting many people. Some of them moreover damage the reputation of the traders who act legally, and the reputation of the market.

  So, the Scottish Law Commission and the Law Commission for England and Wales want to create a new system on remedies. Because of this aim the two commission started a consultation in April, it ended in July. 

  Presently, The Consumer Protection from Unfair Trading Regulations 2008 (hereafter: CPRs) – which was one of the regulations which have implemented the rules of the UCPD – contains rules on the liability for unfair commercial practices, and - according to the rules – the realization of the practices is an offence.

  But in respect of civil law the rules don’t have unity: the rules of misrepresentation are applied in the case of misleading practices, but in the case of aggressive practices there aren’t rules.

  The two commissions want to create a new consumer protection act, which will complete the rules of the CPRs. In this act there will be two levels of remedies:

  • on the first level the main aim will be the restoration of original condition (before the contract)
  • on the second level the main aim will be the compensation.

  The commissions hope that after the reform the following will be:

  • because of the clearer rules the claims will become more successful
  • because of the clearer rules the traders’ - who are acting legally - costs will decrease
  • the costs of the organizations – which are dealing with consumer protection – will decrease after the reform, and the proceedings of them – perhaps – become more successful.

  The two commissions will publish the data from the consultation in March 2012.

• Az egészségügyi dolgozók munkajogi felelőssége az egészségügyi szolgáltatás nyújtásával összefüggésben a betegnek okozott kárért

  45-53

  Marsi Edit

  Kiss János Márk

  Megtekintések száma:

  272

  The doctor-patient relationship requires set rules for liability considering the nature of professional norms on medicine and the protection of human life and health. According to these rules, the healthcare provideris vicariously liable for damages suffered as a consequence of healthcare servicesprovided to the patient. In such cases– on the grounds of labor law rules – the healthcare providermay transfer liability to its employee. Considering recent amendments of labor law regulations, it is essential to summarize and analyze relevant labor law norms relatedto medical liability.

  The employee’s liability for damages is based on the employment relationship between the healthcare provider and the employee. Despite of the healthcare provider’s liability for damages, the employee’s liability is always personal.

  According to the new labor code the employee’s liability for damages is only ascertainable if the tortfeasor did not act like a reasonable person would have actedunder given circumstances. This means that the tortfeasor’sintention or negligence is irrelevant in the course of ascertaining liability. The purpose of our study is to provide a review of the strict measure of due care in health care services, and to summarize rules about the healthcare professional’s liability for damages.

• Európai kitekintés: A különélés értékelése a tagállami házassági bontójogokban

  41-56

  Hadházi Edit

  Megtekintések száma:

  183

  A különélés, mint a házassági viszony megromlásának legszignifikánsabb jele szinte kivétel nélkül jogilag releváns tény az európai tagállamok házassági bontójogában, de abban már lényeges különbség van a tagállamok között, hogy mekkora jelentőséget tulajdonítanak neki. Vannak országok, ahol már jogalkotási szinten szabályozásra kerül, akár mint a bontás kifejezett előfeltétele, akár mint a jogalkalmazót orientáló törvényi körülmény, és van olyan ország is, ahol a különélés bár tételesen nem jelenik meg, de a jogalkalmazás figyelembe veszi azt a bontóper során. Hipotézisem, hogy a különélés ténye olyan közös metszéspontja az uniós tagállamok házassági bontójogának, hogy a szempont kapcsán felvett jogi attitűdök érdekes alapot szolgáltatnak egy jogösszehasonlító elemzéshez. A jelen tanulmány célja, hogy egy fogalmi alapvetést követően megvizsgálja az egyes uniós országok különélés kapcsán alkotott álláspontját, azokat besorolja „a jogalkotástól a jogalkalmazás felé haladva” logika alapján, végül egy összegzés keretében megtegye a végső konklúziókat.

• A Digitális Egységes Piaci Stratégia szerződési jogi hatásai a magyar polgári jogra

  108-120

  Árva Máté

  Megtekintések száma:

  206

  The necessity of framing contract law fulfilling the expectations of the digital era is among the main purposes of the Digital Single Market Strategy, that has been introduced by the European Committe in 2015. Within the Strategy two directive proposals have been presented: the directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and the directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain aspects concerning contracts for the online and other distance sales of goods. These include the concept of conformity with the contract, the meaning of which raises several questions to be answered regarding the Hungarian legal system.

  My treatise focuses on the investigation of the criteria of conformity with the contract with special regard to the definiton of the directive proposals. In the first place I outline the elements of conformity with the contract, then I attempt to create a comprehensive definition of it. Thereafter I analyse the rules of the Hungarian Civil Code that are connected to the category of the conformity. Furthermore, I investigate the necessity of the integration of the conformity with the contract into the the Hungarian civil law. Finally, I present a future legislative concept that could be regarded as a possible way of adaptation of this legal category.

• A zálogjog és a hitelbiztosítéki nyilvántartás

  15-26

  Ferenczi Fanni

  Megtekintések száma:

  250

  Analyzing th esystem of mortgage we must reach back to the Roman Law. At that era it had been possible to pledge liabilities, rights and moreover aggregated asset, property. Mortgage is a long term institute of Hungarian Private Law as well. Paragraphs 251 – 269 of Act IV of 1959 on the Civil Code of the Republic of Hungary regulates mortgage in the Law of Obligations, placed among collaterals. In the last two decades the old Civil Code of the Republic of Hungary has been modified twice. Act V of 2013on the Civil Code of the Republic of Hungary weakens but definitely rewritten the principles of lending. Regulation of mortgage and the system of chattel mortgage registry has significantly changed. Several novelty has been introduced therefore the system of chattel mortgage registry was reformed too. Detailed regulations of credit guarantee registry in Act CCXXI of 2013 and Act 18/2014. (III. 13.) KIM has also been accepted correspondingly to the previous changes.

• Új tendenciák a légi utasok jogainak uniós szabályaiban

  1-9

  Angyal Zoltán

  Megtekintések száma:

  200

  Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 depending on the circumstances of the travel disruption, requires air carriers to: provide passengers with assistance, such as meals, refreshments, telephone calls and hotel accommodation; offer re-routing and refunds; pay a flat-rate compensation of up to €600 per passenger, depending on the flight distance; and proactively inform passengers about their rights.
  Under the Montreal Convention (as translated by Regulation (EC) No 2027/97 into EU law), a passenger may be entitled to compensation in case of mishandled baggage (but with a limit of about €1200), except if the airline can demonstrate it has taken all reasonable measures to avoid the damages or it was impossible to take such measures. Airlines often fail to offer passengers the rights to which they are entitled in instances of denied boarding, long delays, cancellations or mishandled baggage, in particular under Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 ("the Regulation") and Regulation (EC) No 2027/97. Case law has had a decisive impact on the interpretation of the Regulation. The Commission Communication of 11 April 2011 reported on the varying interpretation being taken on the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 261/2004, due to grey zones and gaps in the current text, and the non-uniform enforcement across Member States. Furthermore, it is difficult for passengers to enforce their individual rights. With regard to Regulation (EC) No 261/2004, the European Parliament asks the Commission to propose a clarification of the passengers' rights, in particular the notion of ‘extraordinary circumstances’. On 13 March 2013, the European Commission made a proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 establishing
  8
  common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights and Regulation (EC) No 2027/97 on air carrier liability in respect of the carriage of passengers and their baggage by air. This paper takes a closer look at this proposal. The proposal aims to improve enforcement by clarifying key principles and implicit passenger rights that have given rise to many disputes between airlines and passengers in the past; and by enhancing and better coordinating the enforcement policies carried out on a national level. Issues covered by the proposal are the following.

  Definition of "extraordinary circumstances"

  Right to compensation in case of long delays

  Right to rerouting

  Right to care

  Missed connecting flight

  Rescheduling Tarmac delays

  Partial ban of the "no show" policy

  Right to information

  Handling of individual claims and complaints

  Better take into account the financial capacities of the air carriers

  Ensure better enforcement of passenger rights with regard to mishandled baggage

  Adapt liability limits in accordance to general price inflation

• Apa csak egy van? A gyermeket tévesen magáénak tudó apa családjogi védőhálója

  135-151

  Varga Nelli

  Hadházi Edit

  Megtekintések száma:

  218

  A származás tudata szerves részét képezi identitásunknak, a szülő-gyermek kapcsolat pedig az egyik legmeghatározóbb társadalmi viszony életünk során. A vélelmezett apa meghatározott ideig sajátjának hisz egy valójában mástól származó gyermeket és legyen bármilyen rövid is ezen periódus, nagy valószínűséggel kialakul egyfajta tudati és érzelmi kötődés közte és a gyermek között. Ha egy ilyen, az önértékelés alapját adó ismeretről, a származásunkról tévesen gondolkodunk, és erről egyik napról a másikra szembesítenek bennünket, az minden bizonnyal traumatikus élményhez, az identitásunk sérüléséhez vezet.

  A jelen tanulmányban egy jogalkalmazó bőrébe bújva teszünk kísérletet a leírt történeti tényállás és az ahhoz kapcsolódó releváns törvényi tényállás(ok) összevetésére. Mit tud reagálni a családi jog, ha „az alma messze esik a fájától”? Abból indulunk ki, hogy a történeti tényállás elsősorban egy családi konfliktust tár elénk, így kézenfekvő a családjog által nyújtott védelem igénybevétele volna. Kérdésként merül fel azonban, hogy a családjog egymaga képes-e teljesen kompenzálni a vélelmezett apa leírt érdeksérelmét, vagy adott esetben ehhez más jogterületnek is aktiválnia kell-e magát?

• A privátszféra polgári jogi védelmének alapkérdései

  Fézer Tamás

  Megtekintések száma:

  284

  Privacy has become a hot topic in personality rights protection in the 21^st century all over the world. Classic personality rights did not cover all aspects of modern privacy law and the lack of an exhaustive list for personality rights also left many questions unanswered. The right to privacy is hard to define and it is even more difficult to identify the limits of this sensitive right. Our goal is to analyze various definitive attempts to privacy and synthetize them with actual judicial practice in order to get closer to what privacy law truly covers in modern jurisdictions. Even if brand new challenges arise almost every day, privacy remains a powerful instrument to provide autonomy to individuals and sometimes to legal entities.

• Drónok a horizonton, gyerekjáték vagy új veszélyes üzem?

  88-107

  Szikora Veronika

  Szilágyi Gábor

  Megtekintések száma:

  207

  The reason why We have chosen this topic for my research is that new technologies have appeared in our environment, particularly the unnamed aerial vehicle. In Hungary, similarly to some other countries, there is a gap in the legislation concerning the use of UAV.

  The UAV technology raises many questions because these vehicles can be used for several reasons. It is necessary to analyse in depth the legal environment of UAV and to change our perspective because it is not enough to consider the legal context; technical and other aspects have to be taken into consideration as well.

  Most academic sources concerning the usage of UAV focus on the military use of UAV. In my research I focus on the topic from the aspects of civil law; the reason for this is that I consider the legal restrictions concerning the ordinary vehicles used for everyday purposes not for governmental ones.

  The main goal of our paper is to study how the usage of UAV can be legally controlled. This question is important because the number of these vehicles are gradually growing which leads to several legal issues, for instance privacy or tort.

  In our research We have analyzed the international laws and regulation plans, the international laws, draft legislation. The „abnormally dangerous activities” that appear in the title of the paper is only a call for attention to evaluate the liability in the civil law.

  The other aim of our paper is to make a proposal to set up a work group who is going to work out the regulations in detail. Legislators and researchers could participate in the work group, among whom are technical and legal professionals as well.

• A szülői felügyeleti jog megszüntetésének hatályos jogi szabályozása a Polgári Törvénykönyvben

  12-18

  Csizmadiáné Pethő Tímea

  Megtekintések száma:

  314

  Being a judge practicing on the area of the law of crimes I rarely come across with the need to apply civil law. Nevertheless, a handful legal concepts may be applied also by criminal courts. One of these concepts is the termination of parental control. Before turning to relevant case analysis in my study, I focus on the principle of the "child's best interest" which is referred to under article 3 of the New York Convention on the rights of children and which has a general fundamental applicability in respect of all provisions of the Convention. This principle must apply not only in civil, but also in criminal proceedings and generally in all types of proceedings irrespective of the area of law such proceedings fall under. Special emphasis is attributed to the legal consequences of terminating parental control and to the distinction of cases where the termination of parental control by the court is mandatory and where such a decision is made in the discretion of the court. I pay separate attention to cases where the court has convicted the parent of a crime committed wilfully against the convicted person's own child and in which cases the convicted person is sentenced to prisonment and as a result of these the criminal court has competence to order the termination of parental control. I address also some issues relating to matters of proof and evidence in connection with crimes of domestic violence. Finally, I explain the nature of a child-focused jurisdiction through the presentation of the Hungarian system which ensures to respect and to give effect to the rights of children to the maximum extent possible. The ability of providing special treatment for children in court proceedings is of the utmost importance.

• A drónrepüléssel összefüggő magánjogi igények

  Zsurzsa Zsolt

  Megtekintések száma:

  324

  The technology of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which are most commonly known as ‘drones’, is one of the most rapidly developing field of modern science. That is largely owing to the fact that drones are used in more and more fields of economy, from architecture and media to agriculture and logistics, etc. According to predictions of the European Union, the drone industry may have an income of € 10 billion annually, by 2035, and could create about 100,000 workplaces as well.[2] In addition, the number of hobby drone users is also increasing quickly, with millions of registered drone users in the United States of America alone.[3]

  The nature of drones, namely the fact that these devices can soar up to 30 or more metres in the air and carry out different kind of operations (including taking photographs) by an operator on the ground may cause a lot of conflicts between drone operators and people not taking part in the operation. However, these conflicts, are unlikely to be solved without legal interference, which makes it necessary for both lawmakers and organizations applying the law to prepare for these situations in order to be able to give proper answers to the problem.

  In my research, I have indicated the development of drones in a historical context and also specified the classification of drones, which allowed me to outline those types that are relevant to the subject matter. I also presented the legal background of drone flight in force, on the level of the EU legislation and also gave an insight to the previous, Hungarian legislation. Then, I started to identify those legal claims that can be especially relevant on the terrain of civil law, and concluded three main claims can be named: liability for damages, infringement on personal rights (right to one’s image and, in particular) and the civil tort of trespass to land.

  I analysed all of these claims separately and in connection with each other, and found interesting problems that could have huge relevance in a legal dispute before a court. I intended to support my findings and arguments with opinions from legal scientists, court decisions from Hungary and abroad, and legislative solutions from abroad. At the end of my writing, I concluded that the described problems, and the solution that is given to them, are indeed crucial, because they will most definitely affect the way people can use drones, and neither too strict, nor too loose rules are appropriate to decide upon the subject.

• Copyrightability of artificial intelligence generated works – international analysis and proposal for Vietnam

  81-103

  Pham Hong Nhung

  Megtekintések száma:

  199

  Since the establishment of artificial intelligence (AI), it has created many novel legal issues, especially in intellectual property law surrounding their generated works. This is a substantial problem for developing countries, one of which is Vietnam – a country prioritizing AI as their top technology advancement plan for the next period. While neighboring countries of Vietnam such as China or South Korea has addressed this issue on a policy level, the country has yet to legislate any regulations regarding this.

  Therefore, the paper will provide analysis on two main questions: whether it is possible to copyright AI-generated works and the author of AI-generated works from the perspective of different jurisdictions around the world, at the same time, comparing it with the current legislation of Vietnam in order to provide the country with a suitable proposal for the next period. Doctrinal methods, along with case study and comparative research will be applied to answer the proposed issues. The study revealed that while the law in Vietnam is fairly similar to international law, a few differences in interpretation could possibly lead to unexpected results. Therefore, amending the law and establishing special guiding documents are considered the key factors to a more solid and rigorous IP legal system regarding AI in Vietnam in the near future.

• Az igazságügyi szakértői tevékenység az állami szerepvállalás tükrében

  27-41

  Halmosné Siket Zsuzsanna

  Megtekintések száma:

  233

  This is an essay about the connection between the judicial experts and the public sector. The expert opinion has a special role in the system of the envindeces in the criminal procedure. The expert opinion as a kind of evidence has a short history in the criminal procedure, because this evidence is the product of the new age. The second difference from the other evidences that the judicial expert needs a special quality, and because of this cause the law rules controls who has premitted to become expert and make expert opinion. The Criminal Procedure Act controls when should and when must delegate a judicial expert the criminal procedure. Consequently the state has a main role in connection with the activity of the experts by the law rules.

  In the first part I show the short history of the appearance of the expert opinion in the criminal procedure.

  In the second part I show the main law rules in connection with the judicial experts, and I write about the expert chambers, the list of experts, and the professional institutes and corporations.

  The third part is about the fees and taxes in connection with the judicial experts. In this part I show the problems about who have to pay the fees in the end of the criminal procedure. The acitvity of the judicial expert is always expensive, so the expeneses can grow quickly. If the accused is acquited the expense will stay in encumbrance of the state, and if the accused is convicted, the accused will have to pay the expenses. So this expenses are enourmous encumbrances for everyone. This problem has waited solution yet. Reduction of  costs or hunting out  justice ?  Sometimes very hard to decide, which one is the better. The judicial experts also work in the private sector. The competition of the judicial experts is big in the private sector, and this phenomenon is influences the private prices.

  The end of the essay is a summary which contains my main conclusions.

• A munkaügyi alternatív vitafeloldó módszerek a bírósághoz fordulás alapjogának fényében

  Nádházy Zsolt

  Megtekintések száma:

  154

   

  Thanking to the fact that numerous European countries have become more democratized, and to the practical experience based on common law legal system, from the middle of the XXth century some of the continental legal systems have begun to apply alternative procedures for solving disputes between parties, such as facilitation, arbitration or mediation. We can stress two important common features of these solutions. Firstly, if parties apply these ways, they can avoid the traditional judicial way (or, if the result of the chosen method is not satisfactory, these ways can be considered as the preliminary step before the judicial way). Secondly, these procedures have appeared firstly in labour law.

  As we emphasized, applying these solutions parties try to avoid the judicial way, for this reason in this study we try to introduce the relationship between these methods and the basic right to turn a (traditional) court. Expert’s opinions in connection with these processes are very different, we introduce only the two farthest standpoint: on the one hand these ways can speed up the procedure between parties, and can increase the efficiency of it, and parties can agree with each other by amicable way. On the other hand, applying these ways some of the basic rights (for example the principle of independence of courts and the right of fair trial or the principle of contradictory) will be decreased.

  In this study we try to examine the problem determined in the title, on the basis of the rules of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and the Constitution of Hungary. But, we have to examine not only the right of fair trial and turning to a (traditional) court, but the monopoly of courts in connection with solving legal disputes (as constitutional principle) in details. We utilize the orders of the Hungarian Constitutional Court as well as the theological and practical experience of these procedures. We have to emphasize that from the different alternative dispute-solving mechanisms we examine not all of the models, but only the model of New York, because only the procedures follow these model are relevant for us in this study.

• Az applikáció a főnököm – hazai és uniós kitekintés az új platform irányelv és az ítélkezési gyakorlat tükrében

  115-148

  Rimán Áron

  Megtekintések száma:

  63

  Jelen tanulmány hazánk és az Európai Unió munkaerőpiacán az elmúlt pár évben viszonylag gyorsan teret hódító úgynevezett platform munkavégzés generálta kihívások elsősorban munkajogi, kisebb részben szociális jogi aspektusainak vizsgálatával foglalkozik.

  Az elemzés első része a platformgazdaság térhódításának hátterét ismerteti, majd a platformgazdaság fogalmi aspektusainak és szereplőinek bemutatásával foglalkozik.

  A tanulmány második felében nemzeti és uniós szemszögből tárgyalja a jelenség generálta munkajogi kérdéseket. Végül a hazai és az Európai Uniós joggyakorlat elemzéseinek tükrében a felmerülő disszonanciák feloldásának elősegítése érdekében tesz de lege ferenda javaslatokat.

• Az egyesülettel összefüggő új polgári jogi szabályozás az alkotmánybírósági határozatok tükrében

  Kaprinay Zsófia

  Megtekintések száma:

  174

  After the creation of the Basic Law of Hungary, and following a drawn discussion Act CLXXV of 2011 on the Right of Association and the Operation and Funding of Civil Society organizations has come into force (hereinafter referred to as Civil Act). The Civil Act repealed a lot former provitions, thus the Act II. of 1989 on the Right of Association, the law concerning non-profit status, and the provitions related to association of the previous Civil Code. The new Act V of 2013 in the Civil Code has also brought significant changes according to associations.

  The base of the rules has changed considerabely, as the permissive legislation, and the freedom of the parties has become the main line.

  At present to association the Civil Act, the new regulations about the court registration of associations – such as Act CLXXXI of 2011 –, and the provisions concerning legal persons and associations of the new Civil Code should be applied.

  Since the relevant legal regulation has changed, the previous judicial practice is not applicable, courts have to answer the questions among the new legal circumstances as well. However it is sure that the basis of association is the right of association which is a constitutional fundamental right. Due to these significant changes in this paper I have examined those important Constitutional Court Rulings which can be connected with the right of association, and I have tried to compare the decisions of the Constitutional Court with the new present regulation.

• A javításhoz való jogról szóló irányelv jelentősége a fenntartható fogyasztás előmozdításában a fogyasztói szerződések tükrében

  21-45

  Boros Dominik

  Megtekintések száma:

  84

  A zöld átállás folyamata egyre több európai uniós szakpolitikát, jogágat és intézményt érint és ez alól nem kivétel a fogyasztóvédelmi jog sem. A fenntartható fogyasztás megvalósítása a fogyasztóvédelmi magánjogon keresztül elsőként 2019-ben majd nagyobb intenzitással 2024-ben kezdődött el.

  A tanulmány legfőbb célja, hogy elemezze és értékelje a fenntartható fogyasztás célkitűzés recepcióját különösen a 2019/771 és 2024/1799 irányelvek alapján. A szerző által elvégzett értékelés szempontja között szerepel annak a kérdésnek a megválaszolása, hogy az említett irányelvek milyen új jogintézményeket vezettek be a harmonizált kötelmi jogi szabályokban és ezek az új jogintézmények hogyan képesek egyszerre szolgálni a fogyasztók magas fokú védelmét és a fenntartható fogyasztás elérését.

  A tanulmány nem törekszik arra, hogy egy komplex átfogó képet adjon a javítás felszabadítását körülvevő más jogági (versenyjogi és szellemi tulajdonjogi) kihívásokról, hanem a fogyasztóvédelmi magánjogi fókuszú elemzésben olyan szempontból kerülnek megemlítésre az egyes más jogágak, amennyiben fogyasztóvédelmi funkciót is el tudnak látni.

• On Law as a Multidisciplinary Phenomenon

  42-50

  Szmodis Jenő

  Megtekintések száma:

  145

  The article introduces the limits of conceptual analysis of law, and the possibilities of functional and multidisciplinary approaches to law. It sketches some stations of the history of legal philosophy emphasizing spreading multidisciplinary tendencies of the philosophy of law. It illuminates some connection of various scientific approaches on the basis of a concrete research relating to the religious roots of Roman law. Finally it outlines vertical and horizontal structures of multidisciplinary legal research, which are based on the ontological levels of reality and special scientific interests.

• A büntetőjogi mediáció gyakorlati aspektusai

  1-12

  Héthy Eszter

  Megtekintések száma:

  188

  Mediation is a conflict-management method designed to achieve restorative justice (offenders should assume responsibility and pay the penalty for their deeds, with the greatest emphasis on reparation of the victim, and the affronted community should be conciliated). This method may be applied to solving a variety of disputes or conflicts (e.g. disputes involving neighbours, families, couples, and companies).
  The mediation technique has already been used in the fields of civil law, family law and employment law. From 2007 onwards, it can also be applied in criminal procedures. According to Article 221/A of the Code on Criminal Procedure (Act XIX of 1998) the mediation process may be used in criminal procedures dealing with certain offences against the person, property or traffic offences if the crime is punishable with no more than five years imprisonment, and the offender has made a confession during the criminal investigation.

• Az Alaptörvény XX. cikk alkotmánybírósági gyakorlata, kitekintéssel az ENSZ emberi jogi végrehajtás-ellenőrzés közvetlen alkalmazhatósági indikátorára

  25-37

  Falusi Bernadett

  Megtekintések száma:

  278

  A tanulmány egy szélesebb körű kutatás részeként, az Alaptörvény XX. cikkében is elismert testi és lelki egészséghez való jog, s kiemelten az egészségügyi ellátás megszervezésével kapcsolatos állami kötelezettségek vonatkozásában készült. Az egészséghez való jogot, mint emberi jogot, napjainkban is fennálló jogérvényesítési dilemmájára tekintettel, többek között a Gazdasági, Szociális és Kulturális Jogok Nemzetközi Egyezségokmánya állami jelentéstételi mechanizmusában a 2009-es évben bevezetett közvetlen alkalmazhatósági indikátor és azzal összefüggő állami visszajelzések alapján vizsgáltam. Az említett indikátort ugyanis hosszabb távon a jogérvényesítés előmozdítására alkalmas kezdeményezésnek tartom abban a folyamatban, amelyet Buza László a nemzetközi jog programjellegű normáinak teljes értékű jogszabályokká alakításaként határozott meg.

  Ennek hazai vonatkozásban elengedhetetlen kiegészítőjeként tekinthetünk az Alaptörvény XX. cikk Alkotmánybíróság általi értelmezésére. Ezt az Alaptörvény elfogadásának tíz éves jubileuma mellett egyrészről alátámasztja, hogy a legutóbbi évek gyakorlatáról az államjelentések még nem reflektálnak. Másrészről, a testület által kimondottan, bár az alkotmányossági elbírálás alapját az alaptörvényi rendelkezések képezik, az mégsem zárkózik el feltétlenül a releváns nemzetközi és európai (jog)politikák, megközelítések vizsgálatától sem. Ezért elsőként a közvetlen alkalmazhatóságot és annak alkotmánybírósági gyakorlat által meghatározott akadályait, majd az államjelentések által nem érintett részkérdést tekintettem át.