Local governments may establish legal relationships governed by civil law in numerous ways, for example, through the creation of associations, various institutional agreements or they can also do so by means of enacting regulations. In line with the stipulations of the Fundamental Law of Hungary, local governments may adopt regulations on two legal bases: if authorized by law or if they want to regulate a local public affair; however, the regulation may not contradict any higher form of legislation. While in the first case it is not only the right but also the obligation of local governments to enact regulations that can even be sanctioned, in the second case it is almost completely optional. The scope of public affairs regulated by local governments is rather broad. While the smaller local governments typically limit their activities to the regulation of the most urgent matters, the larger local governments enact regulations in a wide range of issues also due to the volume of their responsibilities. In many instances a part of these regulations does not remain within the framework of supremacy but also includes numerous elements of civil law. These could include matters related to parking or municipal housing, as well as problems in connection with public services. Norms regulating peaceful public coexistence represent a separate subject area as in many cases they wish to regulate legal relationships pertaining to privacy. In the case of the latter issue, the clause stating that the local regulations shall not contradict any higher form of law is especially central, as it necessitates the extensive knowledge of civil and in some cases even constitutional law to ensure that such a regulation is enacted that fully complies with the laws.

This paper introduces and examines those local government regulations that include elements of civil law also and which typically cause problems, with special emphasis on the rules of peaceful public coexistence. Some of these problems are revealed within the scope of legal supervision practiced over local governments, while in other cases the body reviewing the regulation acts in response to citizens’ initiatives.

Industrial property protection, in addition to copyright, is a specific group of protection instruments and forms of protection under intellectual property law. The area of industrial property protection covers a very wide range. On the one hand the copyright law is homogeneous and on the other hand the industrial law is heterogeneous. This statement is based on the fact that copyright is governed by a single law, copyright law and industrial law is governed by several laws. It is a feature of the technical nature of industrial property protection that these are intellectual creations and as such are under legal protection, which is implemented by the application of different legal institutions depending on the nature and level of creativity. It is noticeable that technical progress has accelerated considerably today and this process must be followed by industrial property law.

Rechtsvolgenabziehungsproblemen bei einigen Fehlertypender der Arbeitvertragsbindung

In diesem Beitrag werden die am öften vorkommene Fehler analisiert, die an der Arbeitvertragsschliesung tauchen auf. Fünf solcher Fehlertypen werden in diesem Beitrag verhandelt. Diese Vehlertiepen tauchen am öften bei den arbeitvertragsahnliche dauerhafte Unternehmens-, und Mandatsvertrage, genau so wie, bei dem Konkrenzabziehendsvertrag auf. Auserdem die Analisierung dehnt auf solche Vertragsproblemen auch aus, die bei der Arbeitzeitbestimmung und bei der handlungsfahikkeit der Verttragsparteien, eben so wie bei dem „Reservatio mentalis” auftauchen.

The aim of my publication is to scrutinise the Hungarian rules concerning the protection of wages and concluding how effectively they serve the social interests of employees. Furthermore, I researched if the regulation is efficient and consistent enough to protect the employees in point of the compensation for work.

During the research, I was examining the efficiency of the protection of the employees and their salaries in practice. The other question was whether the current regulation is satisfactory enough to provide the main purposes. In order to answer these questions I was analysing the theoretical dimension and the judicial practice as well.

I concluded that even if there are some incompleteness and inconsistency in the Hungarian labour law, the regulation seems appropriate and rational concerning the interests of the employees. In my opinion, the social function of labour law serves the employees’ interests enough to give them a decent standard of living.