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21st General Meeting of European Grassland Federation
145-146Views:742006. április 3. és 6. között rendezte az Európai Gyepgazdálkodási Szövetség (European Grassland Federation) a 21. hivatalos konferenciáját (21st General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation) a spanyolországi Badajozban.
A Spanyol Gyepgazdálkodási Társaság (SEEP, Sociedad Española el Estudio de los Pasots) a Szövetség Végrehajtó Bizottságának (Executive Committee) jóváhagyásával a gyep termelékenységének fenntarthatóságát (Sustainable Grassland Productivity) választotta a rendezvény átfogó témájának. Közel 40 ország csaknem 300 résztvevője a téma aktualitását kellőképpen indokolja.
A szakmai program a Szövetség alapszabályának megfelelően bonyolódott hétfőtől csütörtök délig, amiből egy délutánt a szakmai tanulmányút (mid conference tour) foglalt el. Az európai gyepgazdálkodás szakirodalmát friss eredményekkel gazdagítja az a 278 tudományos dolgozat, amelyeket a konferencia idejére megjelentetett tudományos kiadvány (Sustainable Grassland Productivity – Proceedings of the 21st General Meeting of the European Grassland Federation, Badajoz, Spain, Grassland Science in Europe Volume 11. Caja de Badajoz, 847. p.) tartalmaz.
A konferencia megnyitója a mediterrán térség gyepgazdálkodási sajátosságaival foglalkozott. Ennek első része a dél-spanyol térség tradicionális fás legelőit (dehesa) tárgyalta. Bemutatta, hogy ezt a történelmi gyökerekkel rendelkező gazdálkodási módot – közel 4 millió hektáron a térségben – milyen eredménnyel sikerült a vidékfejlesztés mai igényeinek is megfelelően megőrizni (termelés /erdő, gyep, időszakos szántó, valamint a kérődzők és a sertés legeltetéses tartása/, tájmegőrzés és természetvédelem).
A megnyitó másik része a gyenge termékenységű arid klímájú mediterrán térség másik extenzívnek nevezhető gazdálkodási módját, a gabonafélék, az ugaroltatás és a juh legeltetés hármas rendszerét vizsgálta a multifunkcionális mezőgazdaság szempontjából.
A tudományos program további részét öt szekció köré szervezték:
1. A szálastakarmány-gazdálkodás szezonális problémáinak kezelése (Overcoming seasonal constraints to forage production)
2. A pillangósok szerepe és lehetőségei (Role and potential of legumes)
3. A takarmánytermesztés mennyiségi és minőségi kérdései (Production and quality aspects of different animal feeds)
4. Az állattartási módok változása a közös agrárpolitikához igazodóan (Changes in animal production systems to meet CAP reforms)
5. A gyepek és a klímaváltozás (Grassland and climate change) -
Change of perspective in grassland analysis, three-dimensional crop estimation and qualification method
47-58Views:122From the point of view of the lawns' current existence, use and their existence for the future, but the tasks, goals and challenges of grassland management have changed, and in line with this, we have carried out surveys and developed and modified a method for fast and efficient application.
In practice, it is very important to know the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the forage found in the pasture, as well as the exact economic value of the pasture. The purpose of this study is to present a cheap, fast, reliable and easy-to-apply estimation method.
We took the previous methods into account and corrected and further developed them with the help of recent lawn management research results. Based on our tests, the corrected Balázs method can be used well to estimate the yield of grasslands and to determine the fodder value of the grassland. This method is cheap and requires no technical background. It also has the advantage, based on experience, that it takes into account the preference of species by animals.
The data from the cenological survey and the height measurement of the plant stock can be used to estimate the yield, fodder value and economic value. Being a non-destructive method involving minimal trampling, it is also particularly suitable for monitoring the grassland habitat of protected plants and animals. The method is also presented on a sample example, which proves its applicability.
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Effect of fertilization on the aminoacid content and aminoacid yield an established all-grass swarde 5.
11-20Views:79The effects of different N, P and K supply levels and their combinations were examined on the amino acid content and yield of an established all-grass sward with seed mixture of eight grass species in the 28th year of a long term fertilization field experiment set up on a calcareous chernozem loamy soil. The lay-out and method of the trial, as well as the fertilizer responses on the hay yield and quality parameters, were published elsewhere (Kádár, 2005; Kádár and Győri, 2005). The soil of the growing site contained around 3% humus, 5% CaCO3, 20-22% clay in the ploughed layer and was originally moderately well supplied with available K, Mg, Mn and Cu and poorly supplied with P and Zn. The trial included 4Nx4Px4K=64 treatments in 2 replications, giving a total of 128 plots. The fertilizers applied were Ca-ammonium nitrate, superphosphate and potassium chloride. The groundwater table was at a depth of 13-15 m and the area was prone to drought. In 2001, however, the area had a satisfactory amount of 621mm precipitation with a fairly good distribution. The grass was established on 21. September 2000. The main results and conclusions can be summarised as follows:
1. The content of GLU, ASP, HIS and ARG increased in the crude protein of the 1st cut hay as a function of N-fertilization up to 12-19%. The same time the content of PRO decreased up to 23%, CYS up to 25%, TRY up to 42% and ALA up to 48% compared to the N-control. The P fertilization raised the concentration of ASP, LEU, GLY, HIS, PHE and CYS, while the content of ALA dropped down to 41% that of P-contol.
2. As a function of NxP positive interactions the content of ASP rose from 7.2 to 10.3%, HIS from 3.8 to 5.8%, ARG from 3.2 to 4.2% compared to the NP control, while the content of ALA diminished from 5.8 to 2.2%, TRY from 1.3 to 0.6%. The K fertilization also depressed the TRY synthesis. The N0P0K0 plots showed 1.59% TRY in protein, while the N3P3K3 maximum supply plots only 0.35%.
3. The yield of amino acids was enhanced 3-4 times by N fertilization, 2.0-2.5 times by P fertilization and 20-30% by K fertilization. The amino acid yield increased on the N3P3K3 plots, compared to the N0P0K0 plots, in the case of ALA and TRY 3-4 times. Most of the other amino acids yielded 8-12 times more, HIS 14 times, PRO 16 times, GLY 18 times and CYS 20 times more. The maximum yield of essential amino acids made up 774 kg/ha, the total amino acid yield 1552 kg/ha and crude-protein 1779 kg/ha in the 1st cut hay.
4. As a result of NxP interactions the ratio of ASP/ALA changed from 1.2 to 4.7, that of ARG/TRY from 2.5 to 6.3, that of HIS/TRY from 2.9 to 9.7 with the increased NP supply. Thus, fertilization can induce an imbalance of amino acids and so change or deteriorate the biological quality of protein. In similar circumstances the forage may require a TRY supplement to restore the imbalance of amino acids. -
Spring phonological development of grasses
89-93Views:121The paper starts with those arguments which underline the scientific importance of the research program entitled “Factors determining forage quality of grasses”. It summarizes the maint features of spring grass development based on the international scientific literature. It describes the methods and material of the research program.
Based on the results of the 2004 research it presents data for tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), brome grass (Bromus inermis), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and thimothy (Phleum pratense) on
- number of active leaves, at given dates,
- the sum of the length of active leaves per shoot at given dates,
- total number of leaves/per shoot developed until the end of the investigations,
- crude protein and netto energy content of the grasses in the beginning in the middle and in the end of investigation period.
Conclusions from the research results:
- the phonological development of grasses is species-specific,
- after the start of the generative development the active leaf area per shoot is declining,
1 A dolgozat az MTA Gyepgazdálkodási Bizottságának 2005. július 09-én Beregszászon (Ukrajna) rendezett tudományos előadás bővített változata
decline in crude protein content of grasses between middle April and June is continues while netto energy content declines between middle April and middle May, but it does not change after words. -
Monthly changes in the production and content values of wet Hungarian gray cattle pasture and the relationship with species richness
19-28Views:133Grassland management tests were performed on different grazing loaded gray cattle pasture and hayland areas 4 times (April, May, June, September) during the grazing season in Tapolca-basin. 5-5 pieces of 2×2 m samples were examined on each sample area, prepared according to the Braun-Blanquet method (1964) in April, May, June and September and with this, we also measured the amount of biomass and its content.
Based on results additional pasture had the largest gazing livestock carrying capacity but it had the weakest feed quality as well. During grazing season due to ongoing livestock grazing, species composition has changed the most in case of pasture and the number of species was the greatest here as well. Proportion of grasses declined in parallel with the amount of legumes, which grown till late summer.
Nutrient content of pasture forage was the most appropriate because of high crude protein and less crude fiber content. Grazing for 34 days/year was not enough in case of additional pasture where Festuca arundinacea had the largest coverage. This is reflected in low number of species richness and small nutritional values of sample areas. For sedge rich low-lying areas mowing utilization is the most effective. -
14th International occasional Symposium of the European Grassland Federation
49-50Views:792007. szeptember 3-6. között rendezte az Európai Gyepgazdálkodási Szövetség (European Grassland Federation) 14. szimpóziumát (14th Symposium of the EGF) a belgiumi Gentben. A szimpózium témájául a rendező szervezetek (a Belga Gyep- és szálastakarmány Társaság – Belgian Society for Grassland and Forage Crops; a Ghenti Egyetem; a Mezőgazdasági és Halászati Kutató Intézet – Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research) a Szövetség Végrehajtó Bizottságának (EGF Executive Committee) jóváhagyásával az „Állandó és időszakos gyepek – növény, környezet és ökonómia” (Permanent and temporary Grassland – Plant, Environment and Economy) témát választották.
A tudományos program a szövetség alapszabályában rögzített módon bonyolódott. Hétfőn egész nap, valamint kedden és szerdán délelőtt zajlottak a szekcióülések, kedden délután pedig a szakmai tanulmányút (mid-conference tour) tette kerekké a programot.
A szimpózium címéhez és a várható érdeklődéshez igazodva a rendezvény tudományos bizottsága 3 szekcióra bontotta a programot.
1. A gyep termése és annak minősége
(Production and quality)
2. A gyepgazdálkodási mód hatása a környezetre
(Impact of grassland management systems on environment)
3. A gyepgazdálkodás társadalmi-gazdasági következményei
(Socio-economical consequences) -
Changes in forage values of differently managed grasslands in the Trans-Danubian Mountain Range, Hungary
26-33Views:129In this study a comparative relevé was conducted in the Transdanubian Central Mountains (Tihany Peninsula, Bakony, Keszthely hills). We evaluated the changes of species composition and ground cover, the measure of possible regeneration or degradation, and we evaluated the changes of these factors in the point of view of feeding value. We surveyed that how extent the main grasses and the papilionaceae appeared or disappeared, how changed the proportion of those species which can tolerate overgrazing, and what is the composition of the weeds on grazed and ungrazed areas. Accordig to results, the grasslands under survey have unfavourable species composition due to the bad management practices and insufficient technological conditions. The distribution of the nature protection value categories of the plant association’s species varies with the associations. The period under survey the closed grassland association near Lake Belső turned more valuable, where the meadow was converted into pasturing lands for Hungarian Grey Cows by changing cultivation methods. The quality of former (over)grazed grasslands near Sóly and pasturing lands near Vad parlag, where grazing was finished also turned more valuable. However the ground cover of species with best feeding value reduced, but feedig value of grasses increased due to the increasing of the cover ground of grasslands. In those grasslands, where the cultivation was finished, after initial increasing of number of species many shrubs appeared on the area, and this process will accelerate in the future. Because of this grazing is necessary with appropriate animal density.