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• First results of the cultivation of prairie grass (Bromus catharticus Vahl) in Hungary

  9-18

  Lepossa Anita

  Csaba Laczko

  Laszlo Wagner

  Laszlo Menyhart

  Views:

  105

  Yield elements (plant height, grass yield) of prairie grass, the little known grass species in Hungary, was investigated in a three-factor field experiment set up on the Mohács-island. One-grass and grass/legume mixture were established under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions at different nitrogen levels (0-67-133 kg N/ha/year). The effects of these factors on the grass productivity were analysed by a three-factor analysis of variance at 5% significance level in the first year of the experiment. Nitrogen supplementation and the interaction of legumeXirrigation had a significant positive effect on the annual hay yield. The yield of the first two cuts, which accounted for 61% of the annual yield, was not significantly affected by any of the examined factors, while their effect was already clearly visible in the yield of the 3rd and 4th cuts. A similar result was obtained with the model fitted to the average height of the four cuts, but the legumeXirrigation and legumeXnitrogen interactions were already significant in the 2nd cut. Nitrogen had a positive effect on grass height from the 3rd cut. Without irrigation, the 1st cut showed a significantly lower grass height with legume addition. In our experiment, we estimated 65 t/ha annual fresh grass yield on average of the treatments, and 18 t/ha of hay was actually harvested. In the treatment of irrigation with legume addition, 1 kg/ha of excess nitrogen resulted in an excess of 150 kg/ha of fresh grass yield in the case of the higher dose nitrogen treatment, compared to the nitrogen control. The laboratory analysis of the 1st cut-hay samples from selected treatments confirmed favorable protein (16.7-18.2%) and crude fat content, its lower crude fiber content and higher calcium and phosphorus content compared to cocksfoot and smooth brome.

• Az ökológiai mutatók és a jelzőnövények ismeretének jelentősége a gyepgazdálkodásban 1. rész: A talaj vízháztartása és kémhatása

  49-54

  Views:

  311

  Közleményünk azokról a növényekről szól, amelyek elsősorban az extenzív gyepeken gyakoriak, széles körben elterjedtek és a termőhelyet könnyen meghatározhatóvá teszik. A jelzőnövények segítségével lehetséges a talajok vízháztartásának, savanyúságának és mésztartalmának, tápanyagszolgáltatóképességének megállapítása és értékelése, ezért nagy jelentőségük van. Segítségükkel ellenőrizhető a gazdálkodási-agrotechnikai beavatkozások sikere is. A jelzőnövények bioindikátorok, olyan fajok, melyeknek a jelenléte, hiánya, eltűnése, visszaszorulása vagy terjedése, újbóli megjelenése a növényállományban megmutatja a termőhelyi tulajdonságokat és azok változását. Fontos információkat szolgáltatnak a talajok állapotáról és fejlődésük tendenciájáról. A talajvizsgálatokkal ellentétben nem pillanatnyi állapotot mutatnak, hanem a teljes vegetációs időszakban jellemzik a termőhelyi viszonyokat. A jelzőnövények vizsgálata nem helyettesíti, hanem kiegészíti a talajvizsgálatokat. Intenzív gyepgazdálkodás mellett ezek a jelzőnövények többnyire hiányoznak az állományból. A hiányukért leginkább az intenzív gazdálkodás a fő felelős. Egyes jelzőnövények indikátorai a különböző termőhelyi viszonyoknak. A vízhiányt és a mésztartalmat jelzi pl. a Bromus erectus. A szóban forgó jelzőnövények többsége egyúttal bioindikátora a tápanyagszegény talajoknak. A jelzőnövények segítségével megállapíthatók a kisléptékű termőhelyi különbségek. Az értékelés akkor alapos, ha azonos értékkategóriához tartozó faj is jelen van az adott termőhelyen, vagy az adott jelzőfaj nagyon nagy tömegben fordul elő. Figyelni kell a faj vitalitására is. A megfigyelést (felvételezést) egy vegetációs időszakban minimum kétszer el kell végezni, mert különböző a fajok fejlődési, virágzási ideje. Különösen fontos az első növedék alatti megfigyelés. A tavasziak csak ekkor figyelhetők meg. 

• Comparison of grasslands grazed by cattle, sheep and horses in Tapolca and Káli Basins

  59-63

  Karoly Penksza

  Barnabas Wichmann

  Szilard Szentes

  Views:

  104

  Monitoring plots were in Káli and Tapolcai Basin, Balaton Upland National Park, Hungary. We investigated changes in species composition of 2-2 sheep, Hungarian Gray Cattle and horse pastures. The highest number of species was on the pastures of the Hungarian Gray Cattle. 41 species were common in each monitored plots, which are also important dominant species of natural associations and Poaceae species: Agrostis stolonifera, Festuca arundinacea, Deschampsia caespitosa, Lolium perenne, Bromus hordaceus subsp. hordaceus, Poa humilis, Alopecurus pratensis, Elymus repens, Dactylis glomerata, Poa angustifolia.

• Relationship between the diversity and mowing in cleared grassland areas in the Börzsöny mountains

  3-13

  Views:

  67

  Nowadays, mowing has an increasing role in the management of semi-natural and nature conservation areas. Semi-dry grasslands have been formed on cleared areas of forest in the Pannon mountains, which would be reclaimed by forest without use of the areas by humans. In our work we analysed cleared grasslands. The questions we aimed to answer were the following:

  (i) What kind of vegetation changes were caused by different land use types?

  (ii) Is mowing a proper method for grassland management and nature protection in the studied system?

  (iii) Do the species composition and the diversity vary within two years when conditions of precipitation are different?

  In four sampling areas situted in Börzsöny mountains (North-Hungary), we registered the plant species and their cover values in ten quadrats per sampling area. We performed a site assessment in April, June and October, 2013-2014. We analysed the data by using cluster and ordination processes and we compared the sampling areas on the basis of the humidity preference and Shannon’s index of diversity. From nature conservation’s point of view, it is favourable that the cover of Potentilla alba occurring in the area was high. It is a specialist plant species with low stress resistance. However, due to tourism, it occured less frequently in the area and Bromus erectus became dominant instead. The species whose cover was more extensive in areas not affected by tourism – for example Alopecurus pratensis, Galium verum, Carex praecox, Trisetum flavescens – occurred less frequently in areas affected by tourism. On the short run, species did not completely disappear due to the changing conditions but their abundance decreased, as has been already supported by other surveys. The ordination analysis showed that the composition of species considerably differed with the portions of land cultivated in different ways. The change of the cover values was apparent not only in the case of the dominant species but of also in case of species with smaller cover. The decrease of diversity, the change of plant cover, the decrease of number of sensitive species as a result of tourism are typical phenomena all over the world. The Shannon’s diversity records showed that due to human presence and trampling the diversity declined. It was considerably lower in the year with less rain. In the year with more rain the diversity of species was considerably higher, however, the difference in between the surveyed areas was large. All these examples draw attention to the important role of environmental factors alongside the human factors. The water reserve also influences the productivity of grasslands and water has primary importance in the structure of plant communities. According to the survey, in the two areas not affected by tourism, in the rainier year the difference between the humidity preference of the species of the dry and the less dry patches became similar. On these areas, there were more species with higher humidity preferences in the rainier year, however, this tendency could not be observed in the rainier year on areas affected by tourism. The areas affected by tourism may react in a less flexible manner to the change in precipitation conditions. Based on our analysis, we can conclude that the surveyed semi-dry grasslands are extremely rich in species and therefore proper grassland management plans are needed. To preserve grasslands of high natural value, the impacts of the environmental factors should also be considered in addition to becoming acquainted with the history and the present conditions of landscape use.

• Factors affecting the thousand-grain weight of three grass cultivars

  15-21

  Anita Lepossa

  Adrienn Halasz

  Laszlo Menyhart

  Views:

  83

  We analyzed the effects of temperature, precipitation and the age of the mother plants on the change of an important seed quality parameter, the thousand-grain weight (TGW) in the case of three Hungarian cultivars of different grass species (’Tomaj’ red fescue, ’K-50’ tall fescue and ’K-51’ smooth brome). Examining the seed samples of six years from the stocks maintained at the MATE Georgikon Campus (Keszthely), we found that the age of the stocks did not affect the value of TGW. The age of the stocks did not affect the TGW. Only the heat sum lower than average showed negative effect to the TGW in the linear model applied the heat sum and total precipitation calculated between 1st of May to the harvest date, and the age of the stocks as independent factors. Precipitation had a positive but weak effect, the amount of precipitation calculated from 1st of November of the previous year to harvest correlated better with TGW. We also found that proper purification and the TGW-data correction for the same moisture content are necessary in such a comparative study of TGW values of grass seeds.

• Spring phonological development of grasses

  89-93

  Geza Nagy

  Views:

  92

  The paper starts with those arguments which underline the scientific importance of the research program entitled “Factors determining forage quality of grasses”. It summarizes the maint features of spring grass development based on the international scientific literature. It describes the methods and material of the research program.
  Based on the results of the 2004 research it presents data for tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), brome grass (Bromus inermis), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and thimothy (Phleum pratense) on
  - number of active leaves, at given dates,
  - the sum of the length of active leaves per shoot at given dates,
  - total number of leaves/per shoot developed until the end of the investigations,
  - crude protein and netto energy content of the grasses in the beginning in the middle and in the end of investigation period.
  Conclusions from the research results:
  - the phonological development of grasses is species-specific,
  - after the start of the generative development the active leaf area per shoot is declining,
  1 A dolgozat az MTA Gyepgazdálkodási Bizottságának 2005. július 09-én Beregszászon (Ukrajna) rendezett tudományos előadás bővített változata
  decline in crude protein content of grasses between middle April and June is continues while netto energy content declines between middle April and middle May, but it does not change after words.