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• ADDITIONAL FEES IN THE ISTVÁN TISZA UNIVERSITY. THE CHANGES OF THE STUDY COSTS ABOVE THE TUTION FEE IN DEBRECEN BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS

  151-174

  Sándor Király

  Views:

  57

  There were two types of study costs in the universities between the two World Wars, one of them was the tution fee, and the other one was the additional fee. The tution fee had been part of the Hungarian educational system since the middle of the 19th century. Those university students whose parents were in low social status with low income could get tution fee discount or exemption because of their financial situation. But in the case of the different kind of additional fees, there were not any discount or excemption because these fees required for the maintenance of several university institution, like university canteen, patient care fund, or the provision fund of the University Council. The system of these additional fees was different in the Hungarian universities, some additional fees were the same, some not. There were difference in the amount of the additional fees too. In this study, we can see the changes of the additional fee system in Debrecen between the two World Wars. All of the additional fees will be presented, for example canteen fee, patient care fund, and the two type of maintenance surcharges which were made due to the influence of the great economic crisis.

• MINISTERIAL INSTRUCTION ABOUT THE CREATON OF MAINTENANCE SURCHARGE IN THE ISTVÁN TISZA UNIVERSITY OF DEBRECEN.

  162-182

  Sándor Király

  Views:

  105

  The influence of the economic crisis to the system of surcharges was so deep, that the Ministry of Religion and Public Education was forced to make a new surcharge from the first semester of the 1931/32. year. This fee must be paid by every student of the university at the beginning of every semester. The state of the Hungarian government’s budget was so critical, that three years later must be made another maintenance surcharge which was paid based on the measure of the tuition fee exemption. From the first semester of the 1934/35. year every student had to pay this charge in the rate of their tution fee. All these maintenance surcharges were the part of the Hungarian higher education and the part of the surcharges system of the István Tisza University of Debrecen till the end of the first semester of the 1940/41. year.

• American Higher Education: A Hungarian Perspective

  238-251

  Tibor Glant

  Views:

  242

  United States has long been a stepchild of American and education studies alike. For half a century, between 1945/47 and 1989, anything positive about the US hovered in the gray zone between “banned” and “tolerated” in communist Hungary. Therefore, our image of American tertiary education relies too heavily on its media representations, which is a clearly distorted mirror. In this paper a short look at the current numbers is followed by a historical overview of the evolution of higher education since the colonial period, a cursory look at how Hungarians saw these developments until 1945, and a review of the current debates. It concludes with a personal take on both higher education and its role in the current presidential election campaign by the author.