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Middelbaar eindexamen Nederlands als vreemde taal in Hongarije
75-102Views:187This article considers the examination methods for L2 learners in Hungary. A short history of past and current methods of examination for Dutch learners is covered in order to attest to the evolution in complexity and effectiveness that has taken place over the course of the years. The theoretical, statutory side of L2 examination is briefly taken into account, but the focus is on the practical aspect of L2 examination. The different elements of an ideal exam (reading, listening, writing and speaking proficiency, and correctness) are discussed with attention to detail and with the use of examples.
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Relations architecturales entre le château de Hunedoara et le Palais des Ducs de Bourgogne de Dijon au milieu du XVè siècle particulierement en matière des naissances des voûtes*
65-87Views:146The large-scale similarity of two historical buildings or their ornamental elements tends to raise the question of the relation and transfer of their master builders. Besides the decoration, if the designing and constructing principles of the structural elements represent analogies, this question is of even higher relevance. Regarding the medieval history of architecture of Hungary, the cooperation of foreign masters, the import of Western European knowledge and practice can be considered as frequently general. Royal or noble residential buildings of political partners are likely to show the architectural effects of cultural relations as well. Several structural points of the 15thcentury governor palace of János Hunyadi in Hunedoara are parallel to those of the palace and tower of Philippe the Good, Duke of Burgundy in Dijon. Among these structural elements, the question of the shoulder of the vaulting (tas-de-charge) is of high importance. The personal touch of the two contemporaneous personalities cannot be proved by historical sources, that could confirm their artistic relation suggested by their residential buildings, it is quite sure, however, that the mutual direction of their political intentions could have established their sympathy.
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De drie gezichten van De Ruyter*: Admiraal De Ruyter in de Hongaarse herinnering
205-221Views:786Michiel de Ruyter is a Dutch national hero. He is respected in Hungary as the liberator of the Protestant galley slaves. Since 1895, his name can also be read on the statue behind the Great Church of Debrecen. De Ruyter has appeared in various forms in Hungarian memory during the centuries: either as a fearless soldier, a faithful Christian or as a symbol of reconciliation. His memory keeps changing but his spirit keeps living on in Hungarian memory.
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“Houd moed: Kijk naar Nederland. / Kijk naar zijn vorstin! Je bent niet langer wees.”: Het “Hongaarse raam” in het Nederlandse koninklijke paleis
151-187Views:155“Do not lose heart: Look at The Netherlands. / Look at its queen! You are no longer
orphaned.”: The Hungarian window in the Dutch royal palace During a festive gathering on 21 December 1923 in the Dutch Royal Palace of Noordeinde in The Hague, a small group of delegates from the Hungarian-Dutch Society from Hungary presented a stained-glass window as a gift to Queen Wilhelmina for the 25th anniversary of her ascension to the Dutch throne. The magnificent stained-glass window in Art Nouveaustyle (202 x137 cm) made by Miksa Róth and Sándor Nagy, with an unconventional representation of the queen was given to her as a token of gratitude for the relief project arranged for children after the First World War. According to the information of the National League of Child Protection, between 1920 and 1930 28,563 Hungarian children from impoverished families were taken to the Netherlands for a holiday with Dutch foster parents. The window is kept today on the first floor of the west wing of the Palace, but the event and its significance is largely forgotten in the historiography of Hungarian ‒ Dutch relations. In this article, the pieces of the puzzle concerning the artistic object itself, the historical circumstances of the gift-giving, the intermediaries and the symbolic message are assembled, to reveal the working and complexity of cultural transfer. It is argued that the metaphor of Queen Wilhelmina, as the mother of the Hungarians, articulated on different levels of symbolic representation and communication can be seen not only as a sign of gratitude. This image should also be understood as an unspoken wish that the apolitical objectives of the relief actions would also indirectly support a political agenda, and that the personal and institutional contacts would lead to greater understanding of the Hungarian efforts to moderate the excessive punishment under which the country was suffering as result of the Treaty of Trianon. -
Een groot Nederlander: J.P.Ph. Clinge Fledderus (1870-1946)
131-148Views:240This article dives into a part of the life and personal history of J.P.Ph. Clinge Fledderus (1870-1946), consul of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, who played a crucial role in organizing relief for Hungary in the Interbellum and the organization of the possibilities for Hungarian children to recover from the effects of post-war famine and malaise after the First World War by giving them a holiday of some months in the Netherlands. A commemorative marble plaque for him still can be found on the front of the building at the Üllői út 4 in Budapest.
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„De Stefanuskroon niet Habsburgsch”: Alternatieven voor de oplossing van de Hongaarse ‘koningskwestie’ en de Nederlandse pers, 1919–1921
77-107Views:194Following the election of Miklós Horthy as Regent and the dethronement of Charles IV, a special public law situation developed in Hungary, during which the state form of the country remained, in fact, but no one had become authorized to occupy the Hungarian royal throne. The fact that a kingdom existed without a monarch in the heart of contemporary Europe served as an almost constant topic for the political and gossip columns of the domestic and international press, and also earned itself a prominent place among the conversation topics in the rather extensive network of European aristocracy. The importance of the Hungarian problem in the post-‘Great War’ period was also indicated by the lively interest taken by the diplomatic corps of some countries of the continent. Of course, many organizations and individuals tried to win their own ideas in the chaotic situation after the Trianon Treaty and get the Hungarian crown for their candidate or for themselves. This study attempts to introduce the Dutch press narratives in connection with the Hungarian ‘royal question’ between 1919 and 1921. During these years because of the fragile post-war Hungarian internal political situation this problem was at its most acute, and when most of the „candidates” and self-candidates for the Hungarian throne emerged. The paper also looks at the background to some of the motivations behind the candidates and how the news was spread in the international press of the time. The issue raised is of particular interest for the Hungarian-Dutch relations for two reasons. On one hand, there was a fundamental mutual sympathy between the two countries during this period. On the other hand, both countries were monarchies at the time, the public perception of a monarchical state about the predicament of another country with a similar form of government can tell us a lot about the public opinion of the time.
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Schoolmasters of Karcag and Kisújszállás at Western European Universities and Academies Between the 17th and 19th Century
21-57Views:208The aim of our paper is to discuss the significance of particle schools of Karcag and Kisújszállás in 18–19th century education history. Greater Cumania, the region that both towns are within, was almost 100% Calvinist since the Reformation, therefore, examining the influence of Calvinism on the region’s education is crucial. Our purpose is to introduce the schoolmaster’s office, the financial basis, and circumstances of going to Western European universities in the 18–19th centuries, since the schoolmasters of these two towns have not been investigated yet. Our research is based on primary (archival) sources, mainly Hungarian Reformed districtual, diocesan, and congregational documents, canonical visitation records, and protocols. Our paper also provides a detailed prosopography database of the schoolmasters of Karcag and Kisújszállás.
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Een trouwe vriend van Hongarije: Ds. Han Munnik (1884–1969)
37-52Views:204From 1921 on, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands had a study fund, especially for Hungarian students. Until the Second World War, about 40 students studied with funding from that scholarship, neatly distributed between the Free University and the Theological School in Kampen. The chairman of the fund was Prof. F.W. Grosheide (1881–1972) of the Free University, its secretary was Rev. H.A. Munnik (1884–1969), from Zwolle. Both were involved in the fund from 1921 on, Grosheide retired in 1952, Munnik a few years later. Munnik became an honorary member of the Association of Hungarian Pastors and Honorary Professor in Debrecen (1938), Grosheide became Honorary Doctor in Sárospatak (1931), Debrecen (1938), and Budapest (1946). This indicates their significance for the Hungarian ministerial corps and for the contacts between Hungary and the Netherlands in those years.
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Jenő Bánó: Travels of an Immigrant and his Path to Diplomacy
109-130Views:229This paper introduces a case study of Hungarian emigration to the Americas, which illustrates some of the general trends in migration at the turn of the century as well as a unique career path of a Hungarian immigrant in Mexico. By discussing and analyzing the life, diplomatic career, and publications of Jenő Bánó, the paper touches upon issues including the significance of travel writing in influencing migration, the use of migration propaganda, and relations between Hungary and the Americas.