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• Technological development of sustainable maize production

  83-88

  Péter Kovács

  Views:

  147

  In our research we examined the effect of the hybrid, the nutrient supply, the number of plants and the abiotic factors (temperature, amount of precipitation) on the yield, crop quality and yield stability of maize. We devoted special attention to the natural nutrient utilization ability and fertilizer reaction of maize.
  The experiment took place in Hajdúszoboszló on chernozem soil, on a nearly eight ha field. The size of one plot was 206 m2, this it was a half-industrial experiment. We tested six hybrids with different genetic characteristics and growing seasons. I analysed the correlation between the nutrient supply and the yield of maize hybrids with control treatment (treatment without fertilization) and with N 80, P2O5 60, K2O 70 kg ha-1 and N 160, P2O5 120, K2O 140 kg ha-1 fertilizer treatments. Yield increasing effect of the fertilizer also depended on the number of plants per hectare at a great extent. The number of plants of the six tested hybrids was 60, 70, and 80 thousand plants per ha.
  In Hajdúszoboszló, in 2016 the amount of rainfall from January to October was 605 mm, which was more than the average of 30 years by 160 mm. The yield of hybrids without fertilization changed between 9.63–11.6 t ha-1 depending on the number of plants.
  The six tested hybrids is 10.65 t ha-1 in the average of the stand density of 60, 70 and 80 thousand plants per hectare without fertilization, while it is 12.24 t ha-1 with N80+PK fertilizer treatment. That increase in the yield is 1.6 t ha-1, it is significant.
  Da Sonka hybrid is sensitive to weather, it is able to produce 6 t ha-1 additional yield in case of favourable condition. However, it has a low stress tolerance. The most stable yields were observed at Kamaria and Pioneer hybrids. The effect of vintage is also an important factor on the yield. In average, the yield of maize was 6.81 t ha-1 in 2015, which was a drought year and 11.86 t ha-1 in 2016 that was a favourable year.

• Effect of the crop-year on plant protection feature of sunflower

  71-75

  Adrienn Novák

  Views:

  159

  Our study focused on plant density reactions of sunflower hybrids on chernozem soil in years with different levels of available water (2011 and 2012). We studied factors (i.e.infections, yield) that are most affected by the amount of precipitation.

  However the amount of precipitation varied in 2011 (average amount of precipitation) and 2012 (drought), Sclerotinia and Diaporthe infections were significant in both years. Diaporthe was stronger in 2011 while in 2012 Sclerotinia infections were greater than average. Higher plant density provided for a favorable microclimate for pathogens meaning that increased stock density enabled enhanced infections. Maximum levels of infections in both the cases of Diaporthe and Sclerotinia were measured at a plant density level of 65 000 plants ha^-1.

  2012 yields (control: between 2 289 and 3 261 kg ha^-1, two-time treated: between 2 699 and 3 659 kg ha^-1) were significantly lower compared to the results of 2011 (control: between 2 825 and 3 672 kg ha^-1, two-time treated: between 3 059 and 4 059 kg ha^-1). Fungicide treatments led to an increased yield in both years: 9.5% in 2011 and a notable, 15.1% growth in 2012. We applied regression analysis to calculate optimum plant density for the examined years and treatments. Based on the calculations we found that in the cases of both treatments optimum plant density was 53 000 plants ha^-1, while in 2012 the optimum was higher due to lower level of infections: 56 000 plants ha^-1 in the control stock and 64 000 plants ha^-1 in the stock treated twice.

• Influences of water deficiency on the productivity of young plants at different sites

  371-378

  Katalin Sárdi

  Views:

  128

  Water deficiency has become one of the most limiting factors of crop production in Hungary as the tendency in annual amounts of precipitation shows a decreasing tendency; therefore, it has become similar to those of Southern Europe. The most significant decrease in precipitation occurs typically during spring, approximately 20% of the data expressed in the averages of the last century. Studying the relationship between water deficiency as a stress factor and nutrient supply is important in order to improve the production efficiency of crops. Nowadays, this problem receives outstanding attention presented in numerous papers both in Hungary and globally, however, there are several questions yet to be answered. Our pot experiments were carried out under controlled greenhouse conditions in order to establish new data on these relationships. Experimental soils were typical for Western Transdanubia, taken from long-term field experiments representing four different site characteristics of the region. It was concluded from the results that drought periods during the early growth stages (i.e. 4–5 weeks after emergence) of plants may result in significant decreases in both dry matter production, nutrient concentrations, nutrient uptake and shoot:root ratios. Better nutrient supply, especially potassium, plays a significant role in reducing the negative effects of water deficiency.

• Effects of cultivation methods on some soil biological parameters of a meadow chernozem soil (Vertisols)

  61-66

  Ágnes Oláh Zsuposné

  Views:

  78

  The effect of extended drought conditions on soil, the unfavourable cultivation technologies and the application of chemicals have been enhancing the processes of physical and biological soil degradation, so the fertility of soil is gradually declining. 
  The effects of two cultivation methods – traditional ploughing (TP) and conservation tillage (CT) – on the biological activity of a meadow
  chernozem soil were examined in a long term experiment. Different parameters of the biological activity of soil were determined. These are
  the numbers of total bacteria, microscopic fungi, aerobic cellulose decomposing bacteria, as well as the activities of some important soil
  enzymes and CO₂ production.
  Conservation tillage seemed to be a more favourable cultivation method for the majority of microorganisms, the activities of urease and
  dehydrogenase enzymes and CO₂ production, compared to the traditional ploughing system. These parameters increased significantly,
  especially in the upper layer of conservation tillage plots. Concerning the plant cultures, the majority of microbiological parameters were
  higher in the soil of vetch (Vicia sativa L.) depending on the cultivation methods, so involving the pulses to the crop-rotation seems to be
  very important in this soil type.
  According to the ninth year’s results, the importance of conservation tillage as a means of protecting the soil biological activity in meadow
  chernozem (Vertisols) can be established; it was proven by microbiological investigations.

• Mathematical modelling of surface irrigation for field crops in Jordan based on soil hydrological-physical properties

  137-148

  Mohunnad Massimi

  Views:

  94

  Jordan suffers from drought and depletion of water resources. In-field crop management, the issue of irrigation scheduling is important and influential. In this research note, a simple method was developed for scheduling surface irrigation of field crops based on inputs of crop ecology, effective root depth, soil texture, soil hydrology, and logical mathematics. It was concluded that the science of mathematics has succeeded to meet academic irrigation scheduling in terms of surface irrigation for field crops based on both soil hydrological and physical traits. Extension scholar has a decision to choose mathematical irrigation model depends on the traditional inputs or updating the model by searching for renewable inputs such as different varieties root depths, optimum row spacing of each crop, drip irrigation mathematical modelling, and digital sensing. In both cases, the input related to the effective root depth is a major and basic factor in mathematical irrigation scheduling. It is, therefore, recommendable that extension research-based systems should focus on basic mathematics to capacitate the complementary role of academics, research, and extension in irrigation modelling, and rural development.

• Impact of weather on the spring crops yield in Croatia with emphasis on climatic change and the 2014 growing season

  41-46

  Vlado Kovacevic

  Jasna Sostaric

  Views:

  162

  Main field crops in Croatia are maize, soybean, sunflower and sugar beet. By these crops are covered (status 2014) close to 50% (385 234 ha) of utilized arable land. Global warming, have often adverse influence on field crop yields. Aim of this study was testing precipitation and temperature regimes on spring crops yield in Croatia in 15-year period (1999–2013) and elaboration of the 2014 growing season with aspect of climatic change.

  Four growing seasons (2000, 2003, 2007 and 2012) were less favorable for maize because annual yield was bellow 5 t ha^-1 (average 4.38 t ha^-1), while in four more favorable years (2005, 2008, 2009 and 2010) annual yield was above 6.8 t ha^-1 (average 7.32 t ha^-1). Average precipitation and temperature for the April-September period in Osijek were 226 mm and 496 mm, 19.6 ^oC and 18.6 ^oC, for less and more favorable years, respectively. Yields of soybeans and sugar beet have mainly similar trend as maize yields in function of weather conditions, while sunflower is more susceptible to extremely moist growing seasons (for example, 2001 and 2005: 650 mm and 697 mm precipitation and very low yields in level 1.7 and 1.6 t ha^-1, respectively). On the other side, under drought conditions of 2003, 2007 and 2012, yields of sunflower were above average in range from 2.5 to 2.7 t ha^-1), while at same period yields of maize, soybean and sugar beet were drastically reduced.

  Average precipitation in the April-September period of 2014 for eight selected sites of Croatia was 756 mm or for 68% higher in comparison with the long-term average 1961–1990 with variation among the sites from 520 mm in Osijek to 910 mm in Varazdin. On the other side, average air-temperature in 2014 was 17.8 ^oC or for 0.7 ^oC higher with variations among the sites from 17.2 ^oC in Daruvar and Varazdin to 18.2 ^oC in Osijek and 18.3 ^oC in Gradiste. Under these favorable weather conditions, annual yields of maize (8.1 t ha^-1), soybeans (2.8 t ha^-1) , sunflower (2.9 t ha^-1) and sugar beet 63.6 t ha^-1) were considerable higher than usual.