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Die Auswirkungen der Inflation auf privatrechtliche Rechtsverhältnisse
45-72Views:209Seit Jahrzehnten haben wir in Ungarn oder in Europa und der Welt im Allgemeinen keine Preisinflation mehr erlebt, wie sie die Menschen in den Industrieländern im Jahr 2022 erlebten. Die Inflation in Ungarn betrug im Dezember 2022 24,5 % und im Januar 2023 25,7 %. DiesSchreiben fasst die wichtigsten Konzepte im Zusammenhang mit der Inflation zusammen und geht dabei über eine definitorische Annäherung an die Inflation hinaus zu den wichtigsten Grundsätzen und Methoden der Inflationsmessung. Die wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen bestimmen auch die privaten Rechtsverhältnisse und die Rechtsinstitute grundlegend. In solchen Fällen wird eine Krisengesetzgebung ausgelöst, vor allem in den Bereichen, die die größten Auswirkungen auf das Funktionieren der Wirtschaft und das tägliche Leben der Verbraucher haben. Dieses Schreiben gibt einen Überblick über die wichtigen zivilrechtlichen Strukturen und die sie regelnden Vorschriften des Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuches und anderer gesetzlicher und behördlicher Regelungen, deren Inhalt in einem anhaltend inflationären Umfeld seine Berechtigung hat, die aber bisher nicht im Fokus des Gesetzgebers standen, und unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit, die privatrechtlichen Regelungen an das veränderte wirtschaftliche Umfeld anzupassen. In dem Artikel werden Rechtsvorschriften untersucht, in denen der Gesetzgeber einen Verweis auf den Wert oder den Preis in den Gesetzestext aufgenommen hat, wodurch der Preis oder der Wert, der in einem bestimmten privaten Rechtsverhältnis eine wichtige Rolle spielt, nominell definiert und quantifiziert wird. Diese Art der Gesetzgebung berücksichtigt jedoch nicht die Änderungen der Wertverhältnisse, so dass in einem inflationären Umfeld die nominell in der Privatrechtsnorm festgelegten Preis- und Wertangaben nicht an die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung angepasst werden, d.h. sie entsprechen nicht dem aktuellen, durch die wirtschaftlichen Grundlagen bestimmten Preisniveau. Der Autor macht Vorschläge und skizziert Regelungstechniken, um diese gesetzlichen Bestimmungen an die veränderten Preis- und Wertverhältnisse anzupassen.
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A szerződési jog alapelveinek értelmezése és funkciói a német polgári jogban
Views:48To describe the functions of principles we can say that all of them are fundamental basis of an area of law. They declare or solve concrete debates between the parties. If there is a problem with interpreting of a rule in the civil code, judges has this helping hand. In Germany the development of principles in the field of contract law has a really unique historical root. At the time of BGB’s birth, the German Civil Code did not accept any exculpation under the rule pacta sunt servanda. Moral philosophers acknowledged that a contract as private interest of the parties needs special protection from the state. It is not only a personal relationship, because self welfare leads to welfare of the public. The law has to regulate this field and give instruments of protection for both parties to ensure peace and equality in the field of public relations and moral.
After the First World War, Rechtsmark (German currency) had its deepest point in its history. The inflation was so high that the performance of a contract made before the war was absolutely unfair for the supplier. For the cost of one galloon gas anyone could buy the entire stock after the war. There was a too late and too small reaction from the state for this situation. An Act had been accepted in 1925 about revalorization. The main fault of this Act was the strict and very small applicability in the field of contracts. The regulations of it were applicable only for contracts with large economic potential.
German jurisdiction had to solve the problem. The most difficult part of this process was how to dissolve the strict paradigm of pacta sunt servanda. Oertmann, a German legal expert created the collapse of the foundation of the transaction. It meant that changed circumstances deprive the contract from its ground, the need of the party. Anybody who signs a contract has a need and tries to create all conditions of that specific contract to harmonize with his or her needs and interest. In case of an essential change of circumstances this interest modifies and the original transaction became tremendously onerous for him or her. The doctrine of Oertmann was insisted on pacta sunt servanda, so after the change of circumstances the whole contract failed.
Jurisdiction in Germany accepted Oertmann’s doctrine with a completion. Judges vindicated the right for themselves to modify the contract to be suitable for the new interests of the parties. This modification meant the implementation of clausula rebus sic stantibus into German contract law. It became applicable worldwide in the field of long term relationship of the parties.
In this essay I examine not only the development of these contractual principles in Germany but the effectiveness and functions of them. I describe and define the legal interest of regulating contracts and what is the connection between private and public interest in the field of the law of contracts. As a defect of the contractual procedure non-performance and other breach of a contract have special importance in civil law. Good faith is a basic principle of civil law in Hungary too and in most European civil codes. The interpretation of German good faith theory (Treu und Glauben) is significant from the viewpoint of the judicial modification of contracts. In case of clausula rebus sic stantibus if the party wants to ground his or her claim, he or she has to prove the good faith as a moral standard to be an exculpation under the heavy burden of pacta sunt servanda. The conclusion is that in Germany the basic element of private contracts is not the consent of parties but good faith of them. The socially excepted moral appears through the requirement of good faith of the parties. The law has to ensure that in any period of a contractual relationship this good faith exists.
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Új tendenciák a légi utasok jogainak uniós szabályaiban
1-9Views:118Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 depending on the circumstances of the travel disruption, requires air carriers to: provide passengers with assistance, such as meals, refreshments, telephone calls and hotel accommodation; offer re-routing and refunds; pay a flat-rate compensation of up to €600 per passenger, depending on the flight distance; and proactively inform passengers about their rights.
Under the Montreal Convention (as translated by Regulation (EC) No 2027/97 into EU law), a passenger may be entitled to compensation in case of mishandled baggage (but with a limit of about €1200), except if the airline can demonstrate it has taken all reasonable measures to avoid the damages or it was impossible to take such measures. Airlines often fail to offer passengers the rights to which they are entitled in instances of denied boarding, long delays, cancellations or mishandled baggage, in particular under Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 ("the Regulation") and Regulation (EC) No 2027/97. Case law has had a decisive impact on the interpretation of the Regulation. The Commission Communication of 11 April 2011 reported on the varying interpretation being taken on the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 261/2004, due to grey zones and gaps in the current text, and the non-uniform enforcement across Member States. Furthermore, it is difficult for passengers to enforce their individual rights. With regard to Regulation (EC) No 261/2004, the European Parliament asks the Commission to propose a clarification of the passengers' rights, in particular the notion of ‘extraordinary circumstances’. On 13 March 2013, the European Commission made a proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 establishing
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common rules on compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of denied boarding and of cancellation or long delay of flights and Regulation (EC) No 2027/97 on air carrier liability in respect of the carriage of passengers and their baggage by air. This paper takes a closer look at this proposal. The proposal aims to improve enforcement by clarifying key principles and implicit passenger rights that have given rise to many disputes between airlines and passengers in the past; and by enhancing and better coordinating the enforcement policies carried out on a national level. Issues covered by the proposal are the following.Definition of "extraordinary circumstances"
Right to compensation in case of long delays
Right to rerouting
Right to care
Missed connecting flight
Rescheduling Tarmac delays
Partial ban of the "no show" policy
Right to information
Handling of individual claims and complaints
Better take into account the financial capacities of the air carriers
Ensure better enforcement of passenger rights with regard to mishandled baggage
Adapt liability limits in accordance to general price inflation