Suchen

Ergebnis der Suche

• Az előzetes letartóztatás néhány gyakorlati kérdése

  1-16

  Views:

  91

  The pre-trial detention is the strictest coercive measures against a defendant in the criminal procedure. It is the most serious intervention to the private life before the final judgement. The decision of it is exclusively in the competence of courts.

  There are several legal reasons to issue a preliminary warrant. The pre-trial detention of the defendant may take place in a proceeding related to a criminal offence punishable by imprisonment, and only under the following conditions.

  a) the defendant has escaped, or has attempted to escape, or absconded from the court, the prosecutor or the investigating authority, or another procedure has been launched against the defendant for commiting a deliberate criminal offence also punishable by imprisonment,

  b) owing to the risk o fan escape or hiding, or for other reasons, there is reasonable cause to beleive that the presence of the defendant in procedural actions cannot be otherwise ensured,

  c) there is reasonable cause to beleive that if left at liberty, the defendant would frustrate, obstruct or jeopardise the evidentiary procedure, especially by means of influencing or intimidating the witnesses, or by the destruction, falsification or secretion of physical evidence or documents,

  d) there is reasonable cause to believe thet if left at liberty, the defendant would accomplish the attempted or planned criminal offence or commit another criminal offence punishable by imprisonment.

  If the conclusive decision does not become final at the time of its announcement, the court shall immediately make a decision on pre-trial detention. The pre-trial detention may also be ordered – in addition to the reasons stipulated in a), b) and d) – owing to the risk that the accused may escape or hide, taken the duration of the imprisonment imposed in the verdict.

  The judge has to support his or her decision with batter of statistics to establish these reasons. This essay shows the necessery examination of the legal reasons.

• Self-Driving Cars and Criminal Liability

  34-46.

  Views:

  181

  After clarifying the concepts of automated and autonomous vehicles, the purpose of the study is to investigate how reasonable the criminal sanction is arising from accidents caused by autonomous vehicles. The next question to be answered is that the definition of the crime according to the Hungarian law may be applied in case of traffic related criminal offences caused by automated and autonomous vehicles. During my research I paid special attention to two essential elements of criminal offence, namely the human act and guilt. Furthermore, I strived for finding solution for the next problem, as well: if the traffic related criminal offence is committed by driving an autonomous vehicle, how to define the subject of criminal liability.

• Criminal offences that infringe on individual freedom versus restrictions imposed during the pandemic to guarantee access to education

  12-22.

  Views:

  127

  In the study we propose as follows, we will look at differences in perception between the pandemic constraints imposed by the governmenst of countries affected by the pandemic in view of managing the pandemic and society’s perception that governments have deprived citizens of their freedom by restricting their mobility and imposing restrictions with regard to travel, including in order to attend educational activities. In some cases, the communities affected by the restrictive measures have gone further, accusing governments of the crime of “Illegal Deprivation of Freedom”, which is included by the legislator in the criminal codes of countries. We consider that the accusations brought against the authorities are unfounded, exaggerated, and thoroughly wrong. We believe that they are due to communication gaps in the public domain, the differences in perception of community members in the context of changing paradigms and the insufficient legal education, which leads to confusion between illegal deprivation of freedom and limitations or restrictions. Although, in the legislation, the articles that provide for the criminal offences relevant to the matter are included in the criminal (penal) codes, for example, in the Romanian legislation in Article 205 of the Criminal Code, with the marginal name “Offences against Individual Freedom” of Title I, which bears the marginal name “Offences against the Person”, and falls within the area of ​​interest of legal sciences, we will analyze the effects in relation to the limitations and restrictions imposed by the authorities for the management of the pandemic. To this end, on the one hand we will highlight the aspects of material criminal law necessary for the legal classification of a deed as offence of illegal deprivation of freedom, in accordance with the provisions of the Criminal Codes of Romania, Hungary, Republic of Italy, Greece, and on the other hand, we will present some aspects regarding the management of the coronavirus crisis in the area of ​​education.

• Barbár vádlottak – gondolatok Móricz Zsigmond Barbárok c. novellája nyomán

  11-21

  Views:

  123

  Zsigmond Móricz's works from the 1930s present areas barely affected by civilization; his short stories titled 'Barbarians' were published in 1932.

  The short story 'Barbarian' is about 2 shepherds - in the rigid world of shepherds living away from civilization - killing shepherd Bodri, his little son and his 3 shepherd dogs, just for the benefit of taking Bodri's 300 sheeps. The short story 'Barbarians' displays the confrontation of the good and the bad, with the moral content that sin never goes unpunished - be it moral contempt, social exclusion, public contempt, gnawing guilt, or even the judgement of a criminal court.

  Móricz does not exactly describe the age when his story takes place, but it may be inferred.

  The shortstory is made up of 3 chapters. From a legal perspective the short story can be considered a judicial decision, which is made up of statements of facts, evidence evaluation and decision. From a procedural perspective the investigation process and the trial phase can be separated. Criminal law and criminal procedural elements in effect at the time of writing the story and presently are well recognizable.

  In the story the statutory definition of two crimes can be observed: murder and cruelty to animals. The motives of the homicide as well as aggravating circumstances are clear: pre-arranged, crime against property, to the detriment of several people, repeat offender, offence against a person under fourteen years of age.

  The end of the story takes us to the idea that the word communicated by the judge: "barbarians", can be considered as a real punishment in itself for the defendants, followed by death by hanging. The judgment is therefore twofold: punishment according to the law, as well as by human society.

• A leggyakoribb tulajdon elleni szabálysértések gyakorlati problémái, különös tekintettel a lopásra és csalásra

  42-53

  Views:

  73

  In this study, based on the procedure of the Central Summary Offences in Hajdú-Bihar, I will try to present the most common practical problems of summary offence against property (particulary theft and fraud),

  First of all, my article describes the legal background as to why summary offence procedure is called „petty criminal law” in Hungary, and as a result what legal basis are being used for criminal concepts.

  In the second part of the study I will present some resolution to the most common and the most important legal imperfections and problems.

  Last but not least I will make an attempt to disclose the most common issues, which might occur in the so-called „quick procedure”, the „bring to court”.

  In summary I hope, my study can be of useful assistance to the summary offence procedure and can elevate standard/level of the procedure.

• Aspects of Penal Law and Investigation of the Criminal Offence of Theft as Stipulated by the Romanian Criminal Code

  1-12

  Views:

  119

  Theft represents one of the oldest ways of embezzling goods from the public or private patrimony. As a typical form of criminal offences concerning the patrimony which are committed by stealing, it represents a great social danger in any given historic age. Thus, it is necessary that the judiciary bodies be aware of the main issues concerning the methodology of investigation of this kind of criminal offences, as well as of the nature of the causes and conditions that trigger or favorize the committing of such deeds.
  The Romanian Criminal Code stipilates in article 208 theft in its simple form and in article 209 aggravated theft. Simple theft has the following forms: theft of movable material goods, theft of energies or documents; theft of a good that belongs entirely or partly to the doer; theft of a vehicle for the purpose of using it; theft from one’s spouse; theft committed by the person who lives with the injured party or is housed by the latter; theft committed by a minor to damage his/herguardian. According to the Romanian legal provision theft consists in ”taking a movable good from the possession or custody of another, without the consent of the latter, for the purpose of unjustly appropriating it“, certain circumstances being necessary to consider it as an aggravated theft. Activities performed in accordance with the forensic regulations and with the provisions of the Romanian Code of Criminal Procedure must clarify the following general aspects: what is the area of the crime scene, what category do the stolen goods belong to, the circumstances in which the deed was committed with reference to the number of persons that participated together in committing the theft, conditions of place and time, the way of getting on the crime scene. Also, dispositions can be given to perform searches, reconstructions, to present persons and objects in order to have them recognized, as well as tactical activities of hearing persons.