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• A gyep gyökérzónájának szellőztetése. Első eredmények

  3-9.

  Views:

  88

  Magyarországon a gyepekkel kapcsolatos kutatások kevéssé foglalkoztak a gyepápolási technológiákkal. A Gödöllői Gyepgazdálkodási Műhely (GGYM) a 2010-es évek elején célul tűzte ki, hogy a gazdálkodóknak bemutassa és kutatási eredményekkel is igazolja a szakszerű technológiák létjogosultságát. Elsőként a gyepek gyökérzónájának levegőztetésével (gyepszellőztetés) kezdtünk foglalkozni, bevonva szakdolgozatukat készítő egyetemi hallgatókat.

  Első eredményeink rávilágítottak arra, hogy finomítani szükséges a gyepszellőztetés technológiai megoldásait. Nagy hangsúlyt kell fektetni az időpont és a talajállapotnak megfelelő eszköz kiválasztására, főleg száraz ökológiai fekvésű területeken. A száraz fekvésű kísérleti gyepen a szellőztetés utáni első év terméscsökkenést mutatott. Üde gyepen ez nem volt tapasztalható.

• Possibilities of restoration of natural or seminatural grasslands: Papers of the „Challenges and Aspects in Grassland Management” conference held on 22-23 May 2008.

  19-27

  Andras Horvath

  Laszlo Szeman

  Sandor Bartha

  Klara Viragh

  Janos Boloni

  Gyula Fulop

  Szilvia Rev

  Views:

  84

  The number of natural grassland restoration projects increased in the last decade in Hungary, and probably the area of restored grasslands will be significantly extended in the next years due to New National Rural Development Program. To contribute to the success of this activity, in this paper we review the most important theoretical and practical aspects of natural grassland restoration methods. In the course of grassland restoration, habitats dominated by grasses and/or sedges have been restored in place of arable lands. In order to perform “natural” restoration, we should consider the ecological conditions of the landscape, and reconstruct natural or seminatural grasslands including of native plant species. Essentially, rehabilitation of natural landscape is supported also by creating new seminatural grassland patches. The basic principles of the natural grassland restoration are:

  1. When a spontaneous secondary succession starts to proceed on an abandoned field without invasion of any alien plant species, the re-ploughing of the abandoned field has to be ignored.

  2. Generally, the old fields surrounded by species-rich natural or seminatural grassland pathes can succesfully be restorated. Then, as a consequence of newly restored vegetation patches the recovery of the whole landscape can be accelerated. Furthermore, by restoring isolated grassland patches surrounded by arable lands a more diverse landscape pattern could be developed.

  3. Spontaneous secondary succession of grasslands should be assisted.

  4. The development of typical species composition of a seminatural grassland can be promoted by methods of spreaded hay. For successful process the hay has to be cut in a habitat type similar to ones that will be restored.

  5. Applying seed-mix for sowing can be useful to prevent spreading weeds drastically in the early stages of succession.

  6. Ideally, the seed-mix is originated from own harvesting or gathering from similar (or the same) habitats. If it is not possible, commercially available seed-mix can be applied, in which the dominant species is the same as in the restored habitat, with similar proportion.

  7. Seed-mix consists of alien species has to be avoided.

  8. If the composition or structure of the restored grassland is not appropriate after some years, the renewal of the grassland could be necessary. During the improvement process the reploughing of the restored grassland is avoided, but spreading seeds or hay, and direct sowing can be applied.

  9. The loading of nutrient is not necessary in any stages of grassland restoration.

  10. Applying chemicals is avoided; any herbicides can be used only when extensive invasion of alien plant species occurs.

  11. The mechanical intrusions on soil are also avoided.

  12. The restored grasslands is required regular or continuous management, which could be a preserving mowing or moderate grazing. The aspects of nature conservation should be considered.

• Different agrotechnical mesures on the ecology and conservation in a wet meadow

  3-15

  Marta Bajnok

  Barnabas Wichmann

  Ildiko T-Jardi

  Anna Takacs

  Views:

  63

  In grassland management systems, the various agrotechnical elements have to be used in many cases on "primitive grasslands", where the coordination of agricultural and nature conservation tasks is necessary. Here, animal husbandry is the main aspect, which includes the long-term preservation of the quality of the pasture, as well as the most economical use of the pasture and keeping the animals as cheap as possible. The tests were carried out on a grassy area on the border of the settlement of Aba. We examined the vegetation of 8 plots of the same size in the area and the quantitative and qualitative composition of the biomass produced there. In this thesis, we provide data on the vegetation composition and evaluation of the following treatments. The plots and treatments were as follows: I. plot-ventilated; II. parcel-relaxed; III. plot loosened and ventilated; ARC. parcel control; V. plot-ventilated and 15 t/ha manure; VI. plot loosened and 15 t/ha manure; VII. plot loosened, ventilated and 15 t/ha manure; VIII. plot loosened, ventilated and 30 t/ha manure. In each plot, 5 ceenological recordings were made using 4 x 4 m quadrats. The estimated coverage of each species was given in %, taking into account the proportion of grasslands and other species. Among Borhidi's plant ecological indicators, the species were evaluated based on the NB (relative values of nitrogen demand) and WB (relative soil water and soil moisture indicator numbers). The social behavior types (SZMT) were also defined based on Borhidi's work, and the nature conservation value categories (TVK) were defined according to Simon. The lifestyle analysis was performed based on Pignatti's lifestyle types.

  Based on the data, the composition of the vegetation of each plot changed significantly compared to the data of the control plot IV. A direct proportionality can be discovered between the increase in the cover value of the dominant lawn grasses, primarily Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, Alopecurus pratensis, and Fabaeceae species (e.g. Lathyrus tuberosus, Lotus corniculatus) and the amount of applied nutrients. Based on the coenological survey of the eight examined areas, the control area (IV.) showed the most natural state, which was confirmed by the species composition and number of species. The IV. plots are close to I., II. and III. for plot recordings, which proves that aeration and loosening do not worsen the condition of the lawn, but rather promote the preservation of its natural state. The VII-VIII. plots have the smallest number of species, but based on the life form spectrum, naturalness indicators, nature conservation value categories and social behavior types, they are not very disturbed habitats.

  No significant difference can be detected between the effect of lawn loosening and lawn aeration, but III. plot, where both treatments were carried out, was closer to the control area. Regarding the effect of the lawn management methods, it was possible to produce a starting data set in the long term (with the same environmental conditions). Overall, the study gave valuable results regarding the age of change occurring during the application of different lawn management methods, and was also effective from an economic point of view.