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Possibilities of restoration of natural or seminatural grasslands: Papers of the „Challenges and Aspects in Grassland Management” conference held on 22-23 May 2008.
19-27Views:84The number of natural grassland restoration projects increased in the last decade in Hungary, and probably the area of restored grasslands will be significantly extended in the next years due to New National Rural Development Program. To contribute to the success of this activity, in this paper we review the most important theoretical and practical aspects of natural grassland restoration methods. In the course of grassland restoration, habitats dominated by grasses and/or sedges have been restored in place of arable lands. In order to perform “natural” restoration, we should consider the ecological conditions of the landscape, and reconstruct natural or seminatural grasslands including of native plant species. Essentially, rehabilitation of natural landscape is supported also by creating new seminatural grassland patches. The basic principles of the natural grassland restoration are:
1. When a spontaneous secondary succession starts to proceed on an abandoned field without invasion of any alien plant species, the re-ploughing of the abandoned field has to be ignored.
2. Generally, the old fields surrounded by species-rich natural or seminatural grassland pathes can succesfully be restorated. Then, as a consequence of newly restored vegetation patches the recovery of the whole landscape can be accelerated. Furthermore, by restoring isolated grassland patches surrounded by arable lands a more diverse landscape pattern could be developed.
3. Spontaneous secondary succession of grasslands should be assisted.
4. The development of typical species composition of a seminatural grassland can be promoted by methods of spreaded hay. For successful process the hay has to be cut in a habitat type similar to ones that will be restored.
5. Applying seed-mix for sowing can be useful to prevent spreading weeds drastically in the early stages of succession.
6. Ideally, the seed-mix is originated from own harvesting or gathering from similar (or the same) habitats. If it is not possible, commercially available seed-mix can be applied, in which the dominant species is the same as in the restored habitat, with similar proportion.
7. Seed-mix consists of alien species has to be avoided.
8. If the composition or structure of the restored grassland is not appropriate after some years, the renewal of the grassland could be necessary. During the improvement process the reploughing of the restored grassland is avoided, but spreading seeds or hay, and direct sowing can be applied.
9. The loading of nutrient is not necessary in any stages of grassland restoration.
10. Applying chemicals is avoided; any herbicides can be used only when extensive invasion of alien plant species occurs.
11. The mechanical intrusions on soil are also avoided.
12. The restored grasslands is required regular or continuous management, which could be a preserving mowing or moderate grazing. The aspects of nature conservation should be considered.
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Recovery of grasslands in former croplands using the combination of seed sowing and hay transfer
5-11Views:58In accordance with general trends in agricultural and natureőconservation practice in Europe, grassland restoration and traditional grassland management has gained increased importance in Hungary. In grassland restoration using of low rates of seed (less than 30kg/ha) and hay cover is suggested. In the present paper the effect of hay cover combined with low rate of seed (25 kg/ha) is studied in early grassland recovery. We aimed at to answer the question whether or not the speed of grassland recovery can be increased with a combined use of seed sowing and hay cover. The establishment of Festuca species was favoured by hay cover combined whit seed sowing. The emergence of shortlived weeds was significantly lower on most of the fields treated with hay cover and seed sowing. The species richness and diversity of early weeds did not differ significantly in fields sown only and fields treated both with seed sowing and hay cover. Our results suggest that the combination of seed sowing and hay cover is successful in fields, where high rate of weed invasion is possible, thus intensive post-restoration management is necessary.
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Összehasonlító botanikai és természetvédelmi vizsgálatok telepített és felújított gyepekben a Csákvár melletti Páskom területén
63-73Views:45We studied the vegetation of a 260 ha gray cattle pasture near Páskom, which can be found in Zámoly basin. We carried out our surveyes in May 2012. The pasture can be divided into five parts. One part, approximately the half of the area (150.83 ha), is an oldfield grassland, which was overseeded 20 years ago. The other half of the pasture was restored (109.17 ha) in 4 different ways in 2009 and then was mowed until 2011. 7 relevés were made in each part of the pasture (the occurence of species and their cover scores were recorded). The aim of our study was to compare the effects of the different restoration methods and mowing on the botanical composition of the pasture. The results showed, that the grassland restored with hay transfer method was the most similar to the natural conditions. The greatest number of species was recorded in that part and the species of natural grasslands become dominant. The directly sowed and the spontaneous grassland parts separated chiefly from the semi-natural 30-year-old grassland.
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The effect of mowing and pasturing on grassland vegetation in Mátra Mauntains (Parádóhuta)
19-23.Views:92We carried out our surveys on grasslands near Parádóhuta. The sample area was a mountain grassland (Festucetum rubrae-Cynosuretum Tx. 1940, Soó 1957), which was mowed until 2013, then foraged with borzderes and racka cattle within the framework of nature conservation management for two years, and after that it became mowed again. We analysed the effects of foraging and mowing between 2013 and 2019.
Our goals were the following: to disclose the vegetation of the sample areas (i), surveying the natural regeneration of the grassland and analysing, valuing the effect of mowing and foraging on grasslands (ii); analysing the vegetation in terms of nature conservation and valuing its life form spectrum (iii).
The analysed grassland was very diverse in 2013, we noticed well differentiated Nardus stricta patches. In 2015 the vegetation became more mosaic-like because of heavy pasturing: animals have grazed arboreals and Nardus in lesser amount, but species diversity declined and coverage of shrub remained the same. In the last years of the survey foraging stopped, and mowing began, which increased the coverage of herbaceous plants, which approximated the values of the first years. According to our results, on these habitats systematic mowing has a much more positive effect on biodiversity and coverage of species marking naturalness.
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Homoki gyepek spontán regenerációja kiskunsági parlagokon
5-12Views:50Bár a spontán szekunder szukcessziós folyamatok vizsgálata kiemelt téma az ökológiában, mégis kevés publikáció vizsgálja a módszer alkalmazhatóságát a gyeprekonstrukcióban. Jelen vizsgálatban, kiskunsági homoki parlagokon gyepek spontán vegetációfejlődését tér-idő-helyettesítéses módszerrel vizsgálva az alábbi kérdésekre kerestük a választ:
Hogyan változik a különböző funkcionális csoportok aránya a szukcesszió során?
Milyen célfajok települnek be sikeresen a parlagokra?
Megadható-e a spontán gyepregeneráció sebessége és értékelhető-e a sikeressége?
A Kiskunságban összesen 12 homoki parlagot vizsgáltunk. A parlagokat három korcsoportba soroltuk:
10 év alatti (fiatal)
10-20 éves (középkorú)
20-40 éves (idős) parlagok.
Korcsoportonként négy parlag növényzetét mértük fel. Referenciának három nyílt és három zárt homokpuszta gyepet választottunk. A növényfajok százalékos borításbecslését öt darab 2×2 m nagyságú kvadrátban végeztük egy kora májusi és késő júniusi időpontban, 2012-ben. Kimutattuk, hogy a szukcesszió folyamán az évelő lágyszárúak borítása növekedett, míg a rövidéletű fajok borítása csökkent. Az invazív fajok borítása szignifikánsan nagyobb volt a fiatal parlagokon, mint az idősebb korcsoportokban. A célfajok többsége már a fiatal és középkorú parlagokon is megtelepedett kisebb borításértékekkel, de szignifikánsan nagyobb borításuk az idősebb parlagokon volt. Megállapíthatjuk, hogy a kiskunsági homoki parlagok esetében viszonylag gyors és sikeres spontán gyepesedésre számíthatunk, a homoki gyepek fajkészlete már a szukcesszió első 10-20 évében regenerálódhat. Számos célfaj spontán betelepülése azonban még a rendelkezésre álló magforrások mellett is csak korlátozott. Ilyen esetben a célfajok megtelepedéséhez célzott propagulumbevitelre is szükség lehet. A spontán szukcesszió akkor lehet a legsikeresebb, amikor a célfajok már a szukcesszió első néhány évében megtelepednek a felhagyott szántókon.
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Kaszálás felhagyás hatása helyreállított szikes és löszgyepek vegetációjára
21-29Views:70Grasslands recovered by sowing of low diversity seed mixtures are frequently managed by mowing. However only a few studies focused on the direct effects of post-restoration mowing on recovered grassland vegetation. In this study we followed vegetation changes in 13 recovered grasslands, in 5×5-m-sized exclosures with continuous and ceased mowing in Hortobágy, East-Hungary. We asked the following study questions:
(i) What are the effects of cessation of mowing on the vegetation structure of recovered grasslands?
(ii) What are the effects of cessation of mowing on the abundance of sown grasses, target and weed species?
(iii) Is yearly mowing an appropriate management for the maintenance of recovered grasslands?
Our results showed that the cessation of mowing caused litter accumulation, decrease in total cover and decrease in the cover of sown grasses compared to the continuously mown exclosures. The cover of perennial weeds was significantly higher in unmown exclosures compared to the mown ones. The species composition in mown exclosures remained more similar to reference grasslands than to the unmown ones. Our results suggest that without a regular post-restoration mowing the favourable stage of recovered grasslands can be rapidly vanished caused by litter accumulation and/or by the expansion of undesirable weedy species. We also stress that yearly mowing is solely enough to maintain grasslands recovered by low-diversity seed sowing, but cannot be considered to be enough to recover target vegetation composition.