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Néhány időjárási tényező és a hozam összefüggése száraz- és üde gyepeken
39-42Views:73The yield of pastures will be impaired by the climate change as a result of reduced amount of winter and vegetation precipitation and the increasing number of hot days as well as the increase in temperature. Species composition is also due to change, however, this change will be more difficult to be determined as the increasing concentration of glasshouse gases has different impacts on the various components. Grassland is a water demanding culture; droughts reduce yield significantly and these losses should be compensated by an adaptive agricultural technology. On protected and Nature 2000 pastures, comprising giving 50% of Hungarian pastures – strict regulations prevent the application of yield increasing techniques, such as irrigation, fertilization or oversowing. The impacts of the weather may only be compensated to a certain extent by the utilization technology. The effects of 3 utilization systems and some elements of weather conditions with special regard to water supply were investigated on dry and mesic grasslands in the years 2006-2010. On the bases of the results some suggestions are set up for modifying the specifications on pasture utilization in nature conservation areas, by having the first cutting earlier and increasing utilization frequency wherever possible. On dry grasslands, yield was affected most significantly by annual precipitation, the precipitation in the vegetative period showed the second strongest correlation with yield. On mesic pastures, temperature and radiation had the strongest influence on the yield. Here, the significance level in the case of total annual precipitation was lower, whereas the correlation was not significant for precipitation in the vegetative period.
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Comparative phytosociological study of long-term on Tihany Peninsula of the Balaton Uplands National Park, Hungary
37-38Views:112Phytosociological samples were collected in two territories of the Balaton Uplands National Park (Hungary) dominated by grassland habitats. Samples in the Tihany Peninsula had been taken in a pasture of Hungarian Grey Cattle. We evaluated the changes of species composition and ground cover, the measure of possible regeneration or degradation, and the changes of these factors from the viewpoint of feeding value.
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Comparative study of loess steppe pastures with/without domination of bluegrass (Bothriochloa ischaemum)
55-61Views:41There have been floristical and plant sociological investigations carried out for several years in Jaba river valley (Somogy county, Hungary) regarding typical and degraded Salvio- Festucetum rupicolae loess steppe community. Bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum) is becoming dominant species of grassland due to disturbance and the alteration of sheep-walk usage. Phytosociological records and harvest sampling have been used for comparative study of typical and Bothriochloa grass dominated derivatives by randomly spotted quadrats. The naturalness and quality (hay-) value for the typical and phytomass for Bothriochloa type showed a higher grade. The Sørensen index of similarity was lower then expected for the floristical relationship of the investigated vegetation types.
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Study on the changes of vegetation composition of the wood pasture near Cserépfalu, Hungary
43-45Views:104The wood-pastures were important elements of the landscape, moreover had apprecieable act in the agriculture. This type of management belongs to the ’agroforestry’ systems which are really ancient agricultural land uses, but nowadays endangered woody habitats in Hungary. The aim of our study was to collect, data about the appearance and traceability of different factors on the vegetation at different parts of a wood pasture.
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Biomass of the sandy grasslands along the Danube
31-35Views:91Festuca taxa are important grassland species in the pannonian vegetation, and are defining members of it where conditions are too extreme for most plants. Based on grassland management surveys, habitats of narrow-leaved or small Festuca species are an indicator of poor productive capacity, but are important in terms of nature conservation. The significance of these grasslands are likely to be increasing in line with climate change and expanding dry habitats.
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Phytosociology investigation on the gray cattle forage neighbouring Belső Lake in Tihany Peninsula
29-30Views:45The present survey was carried out between 2018 and 2019 in the Tihany Peninsula, on grasslands located south of Belső Lake. These grasslands were being mowed for a few years after a long abandoned period, and had been grazed by grey cattle since 2002. Our main question was the following: during these years, to which extent had the grazing been successful, did the grassland became eventually semi-natural?
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Possibilities of restoration of natural or seminatural grasslands: Papers of the „Challenges and Aspects in Grassland Management” conference held on 22-23 May 2008.
19-27Views:82The number of natural grassland restoration projects increased in the last decade in Hungary, and probably the area of restored grasslands will be significantly extended in the next years due to New National Rural Development Program. To contribute to the success of this activity, in this paper we review the most important theoretical and practical aspects of natural grassland restoration methods. In the course of grassland restoration, habitats dominated by grasses and/or sedges have been restored in place of arable lands. In order to perform “natural” restoration, we should consider the ecological conditions of the landscape, and reconstruct natural or seminatural grasslands including of native plant species. Essentially, rehabilitation of natural landscape is supported also by creating new seminatural grassland patches. The basic principles of the natural grassland restoration are:
1. When a spontaneous secondary succession starts to proceed on an abandoned field without invasion of any alien plant species, the re-ploughing of the abandoned field has to be ignored.
2. Generally, the old fields surrounded by species-rich natural or seminatural grassland pathes can succesfully be restorated. Then, as a consequence of newly restored vegetation patches the recovery of the whole landscape can be accelerated. Furthermore, by restoring isolated grassland patches surrounded by arable lands a more diverse landscape pattern could be developed.
3. Spontaneous secondary succession of grasslands should be assisted.
4. The development of typical species composition of a seminatural grassland can be promoted by methods of spreaded hay. For successful process the hay has to be cut in a habitat type similar to ones that will be restored.
5. Applying seed-mix for sowing can be useful to prevent spreading weeds drastically in the early stages of succession.
6. Ideally, the seed-mix is originated from own harvesting or gathering from similar (or the same) habitats. If it is not possible, commercially available seed-mix can be applied, in which the dominant species is the same as in the restored habitat, with similar proportion.
7. Seed-mix consists of alien species has to be avoided.
8. If the composition or structure of the restored grassland is not appropriate after some years, the renewal of the grassland could be necessary. During the improvement process the reploughing of the restored grassland is avoided, but spreading seeds or hay, and direct sowing can be applied.
9. The loading of nutrient is not necessary in any stages of grassland restoration.
10. Applying chemicals is avoided; any herbicides can be used only when extensive invasion of alien plant species occurs.
11. The mechanical intrusions on soil are also avoided.
12. The restored grasslands is required regular or continuous management, which could be a preserving mowing or moderate grazing. The aspects of nature conservation should be considered.
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Pannonian grazed sandy grasslands in the Ipoly Valley
49-51Views:49The results of global climate change can be observed in climate of Hungary. In the last couple of decades significant have been observed extremes in the climate of Europe due to global climate change (IPCC, 2014), which the irregular alternation of droughts and floods could be traced in the Carpathian Basin (Bartholy et al., 2009, 2014). The river floodplains and adjacent wetlands were outstanding from a nature conservation point of view due to the increasingly exposed to this change (Capon et al., 2013). Because of climatic effects, floodplain areas are even more exposed to the spread of invasive species (Szollát and Schmotzer, 2004; Schmotzer, 2008; Füri 2000; Füri and Kelemen 1997; Čížková-Končalová et al. 2013), and changes in land use also aggravate this problem (Mosner, 2015; Penksza et al., 2012). The aim of this study is to present the impact of extreme climatic situations on vegetation in grazed grasslands. The question was, which Festuca species occurs in addition to this? Can Festuca javorkae or Festuca pseudovina be found. The Festuca javorkae, which was related to Festuca rupicola, could also be problematic, although this species was clarified (Penksza, 2000, 2009a; Penksza et al., 2020, 2021; Markgraf-Dannenberg, 1980) and its species differentiation was shown using molecular studies by Bnauer et al. (2003) and Galli et al. (2006). According to the description of association Salvio nemorosae-Festucetum rupicolae, Festuca rupicola is one of the species of the association that appeared in the present study.