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Ethnic Peculiarities and Inter-ethnic Parallels in the Traditional Material Culture of the Hungarians of Ugocsa
233-252Views:15The Hungarians living in the present-day Transcarpathian region have lived peacefully for centuries together with the majority Ruthenian/Ukrainian population, as well as with the Romanian, German, Roma and other ethnic groups, who live in a similar minority to the Hungarians. Ethnographers and tourists visiting the region are convinced that these nationalities have retained the characteristics of their culture to this day. At the same time, it is worth observing how this long historical coexistence is reflected in the way of life and mentality of these people. The parallels between Ruthenian and Hungarian language and folklore, folk customs are excellent examples of interethnic relations, but I have also encountered similar examples when researching the traditional material culture of the villages in Ugocsa. In the field of folk architecture, for example, the gate called tőkés kapu, as well as the abora, aszaló [the dryer] and the barn. Interethnic phenomena between Hungarians, Ruthenians and other nationalities of the region can also be observed in folk costumes (the guba, or the shoes called bochkor). Throughout history, in Transcarpathia, which belonged to different state formations, it was noticeable that culture was not strictly tied to peoples. Thanks to the tolerance shown towards each other, the nationalities of the region have preserved their ethnic and religious characteristics and identity, but we can also find many similarities in their cultures. When studying the interactions that mutually enrich each other's culture and provide a colorful and attractive image to the region, it is often impossible to find out who borrowed from whom and when. During the ethnographic research of the local communities, the main point is to take into account the ethnic interaction of the nationalities living here, as the folk culture of the local Hungarians is determined by the aggregation of the cultures of different ethnicities.
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Der Sattel: Unser östliches Kulturerbe
149-193Views:117Der Beitrag fasst die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse über den Sattel, das östliche Erbe der ungarischen Kultur, basierend auf den Ergebnissen von Forschung und einer Ausstellung zusammen.Die Pferdezucht hatte eine wichtige Rolle im Leben der sich im Karpatenbecken angesiedelten Ungarn. Die Bedeutung des Reitens ist in Ungarn bis zur Hälfte des XX. Jahrhunderts zu beobachten. Die Gegenstände – unter ihnen die verschiedenen Sättel - die mit der reitenden Lebensweise und Kultur zusammenhängen, waren gleichermaßen unter den Andenken der höheren Gesellschaftsklassen und der volkstümlichen Bildung zu finden.So wie fast jeder feste Bestandteil unserer gegenständlichen Kultur, so durchlief auch der Sattel viele verschiedene Stadien, Typen und Formen, je nachdem, wer ihn zu welchem Zweck oder Anlass bestieg. Mit den Jahrhunderten wandelten sich die Lebenswelten und –bedingungen, und parallel dazu entwickelten sich auch unsere allseits bekannten Gegenstände. Der Sattel stellt hier keine Ausnahme dar, obwohl eingeräumt werden muss, dass er zu jenen Kulturgütern gehört, die schon sehr früh ihre optimale funktionelle Form und Struktur erhielten, sodass er im Laufe der Zeit kaum geändert werden musste.Die von den Ungarn benützten Sättel entsprachen hervorragend den verschiedenen Anforderungen der Reitkultur, wie Fernritte, Ritterkämpfe usw. Eine der besten Eigenschaften der hierzulande bekannten Holzsättel ist, dass sie das Pferd schonen. Die Sättel können allgemein in zwei Grundarten eingeteilt werden, je nach struktureller Eigenart. In der Umgangssprache werden diese Kategorien östlicher bzw. westlicher Typ genannt. Aber rein fachlich gesprochen, wäre es aufgrund des untersuchten Materials eher angebracht, grundsätzlich zwischen den beiden Grundtypen Zwiesel-Flügel-Sättel und Gabel-Seitenbrett-Strukturen zu unterscheiden. Wichtigstes Merkmal des ungarischen Sattels ist, dass er ein ausgeprägter Osttyp ist.Der Sattel von Tiszafüred war eine distinkte und berühmte Variante des ungarischen Sattels. Nach dem Vorbild der ungarischen Husaren verbreitete sich die leichte Kavallerie in ganz Europa, und mit ihr wurde über Jahrhunderte hinweg der ungarische Sattel verbreitet, als unabdingbarer Ausrüstungsgegenstand.Heutzutage kann beobachtet werden, dass das Interesse an der Geschichte und den Traditionen der Reitkultur wieder im Steigen begriffen ist.
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The Use of National Minority Culture in Tourism Development
7-25Views:34In our tourist travels, we seek experiences in locales distinct from our places of residence or work. Tourism developments strive to fulfil this desire by showcasing and making tangible some unique local characteristic, thus attracting visitors to a specific place. In resource-poor areas, one of the simplest and least investment-demanding ways to achieve this is by turning a unique element of local culture into an attraction and celebrating it. This does not require costly infrastructure development, but it can still attract tourists. Our study focuses on these local celebrations, which are most often referred to as festivals, feasts or competitions. In the first part of this paper, our goal is to draw attention to a specific group of local festivals, events that focus on the culture of national minorities. Along with examples from Hungary, we present in more detail two festivals: one in Southwest Hungary’s Feked and the other in Southeast Hungary’s Deszk. In the second part of the study, we categorise local festivals based on the cultural elements they highlight. According to my research, four basic categories can be determined. Festivals can be created to celebrate a well-identifiable local cultural or economic phenomenon. There are local celebrations aimed at preserving or reviving disappearing or vanished local cultural elements. There are festivals that emphasise newly invented traditions. Finally, events based on humour or randomness can also be the basis of a tourist attraction.
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Posthumous Culture of Montenegrins on a Timeline between Past and Present : The Pattern of Behavior
33-53Views:125Montenegro is a country with a valuable and long tradition of everything related to life, especially death. Posthumous culture is remarkably detailed and significant for the people, most importantly in the earlier period when it represented the only foundation that held society together in difficult historical moments. This type of partially morbid way of self-expression of people has its roots in the deep and troubled past, often difficult and cruel to the inhabitants of Montenegro. The attention was pointed at the many traditional aspects, unwritten rules, and customs different from place to place, but in general, preserving the same function. From the type of clothes for the deceased, the eulogies uttered at the gravesite, to the male and female roles at the commemorations – the article handles the typical funeral processes. The aim of this paper is to acquaint the reader with the manner of behaviour of the Montenegrins towards the phenomenon that occurs when a person in the community dies and how a typical family handles the situation. For the sake of the research, interviews with two subjects providing their own perspectives were conducted. The significance of the study is personified by the sometimes contradictory stances of the people on death and the inevitable merging of secular and religious life.
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The New Challenges and Situation of an Ethnic Minority within a Local Community in the Light of Social Changes
151-177Views:79Our memory is largely shaped by the way we look at the peoples currently living within the Carpathian Basin. Once a well-known tobacco-growing village in Historic Hungary, Torda (also known as Torontáltorda in Hungarian) is now a dispersed settlement with a Hungarian ethnic majority located in the Banat region of Vojvodina, Serbia.
The shifting of national borders, the two World Wars, the events of the Yugoslav Wars and migratory movements have collectively changed and decimated the lives of Hungarians who had found themselves outside their motherland’s borders after the 1920s.
In spite of the decline in population, the emigration of young people, and the everyday struggles resulting from hard living conditions, this village in the Central Banat district could attract further socio-ethnographic interest. In the micro-communities of rural settlements, education and religion play a key role in creating social value, maintaining Hungarian culture in the area and forming a national, local sense of identity within the community. Commemorative rituals, local traditions and national holidays often cross each others’ paths and blend together through education and religion, highlighting the reality and cultural values of the community, as well as the array of connections between community life and ethnic culture. This study discusses Torda’s present in the light of social change and the process of cultural mapping, touching on the importance of the local cultural association in the community’s life. This study also explores the events of the past few decades that have left a deep imprint on the micro-community’s life in a cultural, social and ethnic sense.
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Eine Informelle Gruppe der Ungarn in der multikulturellen, urbanen Kultur von Berlin
67-86Views:91Die Minderheitengruppen hinterlassen ihre Spuren im Kulturleben der Städte und eine wichtige Aufgabe der Wissenschaft ist es, diese Spuren aufzuspüren und zu dokumentieren. Die Bildung ethnischer Gemeinschaften aus Eigeninitiative wird intensiv erforscht und die ethnischen Gruppen spielen eine immer größere Rolle in der Repräsentation der Städte. Die vorliegende Studie gibt einen kurzen Einblick in eine Forschungsarbeit, die ein Beispiel der ethnischen Gemeinschaftsorganisation im urbanen Raum einer Großstadt zeigt und dokumentiert. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Forschungsarbeit steht eine informelle Gruppe der Ungarn in Berlin, der Berliner Szalon, der schon auf eine 50jährige Geschichte zurückblickt. Nach einem kurzen Exkurs über die Geschichte der Salonkultur in Berlin werden die historischen Wurzeln des Berliner Szalons beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil dieser Studie werden einige Ergebnisse einer Online-Befragung im Publikum des Berliner Szalons dargestellt. Wichtige Zielsetzung der Datenerhebung war, die Motivationsfaktoren und Attitüde der Salongäste beim Besuch der Salonabende zu ermitteln und die Meinung des Publikums über die Salonveranstaltungen herauszufinden.
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Alligators in the Sewers: Urban Legends about Terrifying Animals and Frightening Places
7-29Views:163The aim of the present study is to provide an overall picture of the nature of urban folklore using the “Alligators in the Sewers” urban legend type circulated in both the Hungarian and international press and by word of mouth. While contemporary legends have attracted only sporadic attention in Hungarian research to date, by illustrating the historical development of this legend type the aim of the present case study is to demonstrate how the phenomenon has existed in the Hungarian press for almost 200 years.
The present study attempts to identify the kind of opportunities for interpretation offered by these stories in the field of folkloristics; the extent to which they are relevant beyond their literal meaning; and the ways in which they shed light on modern-day understandings of the world. Giant reptiles that are not indigenous to Europe are terrifying to the average individual, while at the same time they evoke a yearning for the natural world in city dwellers trapped amid concrete walls. Urban sewers and storm drains hold similar terrors: on the one hand, they are there to remove filth and symbolize the more unsavory aspects of urban life, while on the other hand their hidden presence beneath the ground offers ample opportunity for the projection of numerous fantasies. Animals that lurk in the sewers, from where they emerge to attack people, are manifestations, contained within simple, traditional narrative frameworks, of the murkiness of highly structured societies and of the sense of danger that this opacity engenders in us. The emergence and persistence of such stories can be attributed to a number of social practices, such as circuses, sideshows, and the keeping of reptiles as pets, along with the respective press reports and rumors.
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Remain of a Dialect in an Urban Cultural Medium by Means of Folk-tales: Role of Some Tale-tellers of a Hungarian Ethnic Group Székelys of Bukovina in Hungary
31-46Views:52The aim of the paper is to show the role that storytellers can play in the transmission of traditions, identity and dialect today. The paper focuses on a Hungarian ethnic group: Szeklers of Bukovina settled in Hungary in 1945. The main aim of this paper is to present the function of dialects in tales and tale-telling after the change of traditional peasant way of life and dialects. In Bukovina this ethnic group was isolated from the Hungarian mother-country and the majority of Hungarians, their cultural and language changes did not reach them, therefore the members of this ethnic group could retain their traditional culture and dialect. However, in Hungary they were settled into 38 settlements, thereby their original communities broke up. The dialectal and sociolinguistic data of this paper comes from the storyteller’s websites, written and oral personal stories, the text and sound-recording of folk-tales, and also data of formal dialectal researches of this ethnic group is used. This paper presents an analysis of some storytellers who use several dialect elements of this ethnic group, besides the role of dialects in tale-telling is studied too. It is an important aspect of this analyse how some storytellers utilize their dialect in tales and during tale-telling, and why they usually use it. The results of research present that these storytellers can use dialect elements in different ways in their tale-telling. The main conclusion is that use of a dialect can be a part of language education, a dialect is an identity marker, and by the help of it a storyteller can create a pictorial experience during the tale-telling, besides it can be a source of humour too.
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Folk Dress Revitalization as a Component of Language Revitalization: The Case of Wilamowice
179-204Views:111Although the main goal of language revitalization is keeping a language alive, the expression of ethnic identity and belonging is not exclusively limited to the linguistic phenomenon. In the case of Vilamovians – a small ethnic group living in the town of Wilamowice on the border of Upper Silesia and Lesser Poland, language revitalization has been supported by a group of people wearing the Vilamovian folk dress. This was accompanied by greater engagement of young people learning the Wymysorys language as well to other elements of Vilamovian culture, including the folk dress. In this case revitalization does not mean copying old patterns, but reviving its importance for local community. The Vilamovian folk dress is not limited to the costume of local dance ensemble, it is crucial for ethnic belonging of Vilamovians. The patterns, styles or words (in the case of the language) were less important for them. The reconstructed elements or even whole sets of dress, e.g. the mourning dress, different types of wedding dress and the whole male dress do differ from the historical ones. The ethnographers should not criticize this situation, as it used to be in the past, but focus on their choices and motivations connected to their ethnic belonging. In this text, I have tried to show that the reconstruction/revitalization of a folk dress could proceed in a specific way if combined with language revitalization.
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Youth Education Efforts of the 1940s: Representative Activities of the Mass-dance Cult-programme and the Beginnings of the Scientific Dance-research in Budapest
51-93Views:27My paper aims to present the dance culture of the 1940’s and explore its scientific approach to dance. According to results of my research, the “national-rescue activity” originating in Budapest looked for the promise of demonstrating “cultural-superiority” in youth-education. Movement-artists and newly formed amateur ensembles also played role in this. The initial dance-research followed the European research direction, considered the application of ethnological theories as the basis. When examining the interaction of city and countryside with a cultural-historical anthropological approach, my questions formulated in my writing: Did the village research and Scientific Institute-work in the 1940’s have an impact on the style of dance that also played a representative role, appearing as a result of the youth education efforts in Budapest? How does appear in the source-works that published the research-results of that time? My paper seeks the answers to these questions.
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“We Came to a Village...”: Value Systems in a Changing World
71-98Views:91Although we experience an increasing level of cultural foreign experience in our time intensified by the pressure of migration and the development of information technologies, the conventional view of value systems still prevails in modern nations. Change in culture is a never-ending process, though. The persuasive power of stability and uniformity seems to decline in postmodernity transforming the role of nation states, as well. Peripheries and “partial truth” come into view. Value systems are also affected by these changes. Value systems are no longer cast from a single mold, but rather derive from a dynamically changing framework that is shaped by the dialogistic connection of the elements of the sociocultural realm, the central role of the subject’s interpretation and the positioned meaning of values. This paper attempts to describe the changes brought about by postmodernity through the everyday life of four families settled down in Hosszúhetény. After having embraced traditional values at a certain point in their life as a result of a conscious decision, families are compelled to reevaluate their former worldview. This process results in the revision of their identity, as well. In the end, they are trying to establish themselves through various representational practices in a village that has already been modernized. While trying to analyze the components of their value system, I define so-called correlations in the hope of realizing a more relevant understanding of the postmodern age.
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The Concept of Dissimilation in the Study of Inter-ethnic Marriages within Homogeneous Meskhetian Turkish, Azerbaijani Marriages in Turkestan
95-114Views:16While analyzing the preservation of cultural heritage is more straightforward in homogenous households, inter-ethnic marriages present a captivating lens through which to examine cultural integration, social identity, and the preservation of tradition within diverse societies. This study explores the dynamics of inter-ethnic and homogeneous marriages among Meskhetian Turks and Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan, applying the theoretical framework of dissimilation theory. By drawing on fieldwork conducted in 2024 which involved 45 interviews from two research villages, Turki Poselkasy and Kentau, located in the Turkestan province in the southern part of Kazakhstan, the research investigates the historical context and contemporary realities faced by these communities. In doing so, it highlights differences in culture, language, and social norms that can influence the formation of both mixed and homogeneous marriages among minority groups in the region. The theoretical background of the study is grounded in dissimilation theory, which posits that individuals in inter-ethnic marriages tend to distance themselves from their own ethnic groups to establish new identities within the context of their relationships. Through interviews and surveys conducted across diverse settlements, the study explores social identities and groups as well as concepts of cultural and social differences including gender dynamics, to uncover the intricate mechanisms of dissimilation.
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english
205-216Views:110This paper work is a very brief presentation that brings the reader into the front of the most important open-air museums from Romania and tries to emphasize the value of their identity. This work is, in fact, a presentation of an extensive doctoral program, after which we will publish a book, and we hope that we will be able to develop certain topics right in the pages of the journal Ethnographica et Folkloristica Carpathica. The quick development of museums has generated a veritable Romanian school of museography, recognized both nationally and internationally. The source of this development is represented by the speech of museum; that is how the museum manages to revaluate its available potential and to get imposed in areas of interest from most various: scientific, educational, cultural, touristic, ensuring the representation of as many ethnographical areas as possible. Although the concept of ethnographical museum allows multiple approaches and definitions, this essay highlights the role of the identity of museums and their way of representing the traditional village, given the dynamics and the abandonment of traditions.
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Betrachtungen zu einigen siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Handschriftensammlungen aus dem Folklore-Archiv des Forschungsinstituts für Geisteswissenschaften Hermannstadt
189-207Views:14Das Archiv des Vereins der Folklore-Forscher und Ethnographen im Kreis Sibiu (rumänisch abgekürzt AFES), derzeit im Besitz des Forschungsinstituts für Geisteswissenschaften Hermannstadt (ICSU Sibiu), wurde 1977 auf Veranlassung von Professor Ilie Moise gegründet. Das Archiv enthält Sammlungen und Aufzeichnungen, Fragebögen, Manuskripte, Aufsätze und ethnographische Arbeiten, die seit 1950 bis heute von über hundert Forschern der volkstümlichen Kultur aus den wichtigsten ethnografischen Landschaften Rumäniens zusammengetragen wurden. Die vorliegende Studie stellt die wichtigsten Handschriftensammlungen im Archivbestand vor, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf Materialien einiger Minderheiten, insbesondere der Siebenbürger Sachsen, liegt, als einem Zeugnis für die im Süden Siebenbürgens so intensiven kulturellen Wechselwirkungen.
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Marginalized Texts of a Glorified Genre: The Valorization of the (Folk)tale in Hungary
23-42Views:176Attention towards and interest in the genre of the tale began rather belatedly in Hungarian culture. The paper provides a concise overview of the history of assigning value to this narrative genre: how it transformed from a trivial genre of idle amusement of the uneducated people into a precious cultural item that is an essential part of national heritage being safeguarded and studied from a number of perspectives. Parallel with the rise of the genre, a decline of the earliest known tales has taken place due to certain authenticity criteria retrospectively applied by newly formed disciplines as well as the standardization and naturalization of a specific mode of narration.
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Memory and Enculturation
253-274Views:26It may be safely stated at present that the triad of past, tradition and memory has accelerated at an incredible pace. Memory seems to keep the events of the past alive for ever shorter periods of time. Rites, memories and remembrance are now handed down as written sources in the form of textbooks. How does the narrative of the teaching aids that have emerged in the 21st century then evolve and what are/have been their achievements in the construction of national identity? How do hon- és népismeret [Our homeland and its people] textbooks function as tools for building a national community? The subject hon- és népismeret taught in grade schools examines and discusses national culture and the processes of cultural reconstruction in a rather specific cross-section. Beyond exploring the interdependence and interlocking of the context and practice of ‘knowledge creation’/‘knowledge transmission’ in primary educational institutions, this paper aims to explore some salient observations on its generational relationship to memory. The importance of this subject and textbook is/has been undeniable, both as a tool for national and social community-building on the one hand and as a tangible archive of the process of heritage transmission/patrimonization on the other hand.
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Brauchtumspflege als Zukunftsperspektive? Die Integrationsgeschichte der deutschen Vertriebenen im Kontext von aktuellen Diversitätsdiskursen
7-31Views:172Diversität ist ein zentrales Stichwort unserer Zeit, das Einzug in die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit (historischen) Migrationsphänomenen und deren Folgen gehalten hat. Dies gilt auch für die Geschichte der Zwangsmigration der deutschsprachigen Bevölkerung aus dem östlichen Europa infolge des Zweiten Weltkriegs, welche die sog. Heimatvertriebenen und die „Aufnahmegesellschaften“ vor große, u.a. die „Integration“ betreffende Herausforderungen stellte. Ausgehend von einer kritischen Lektüre eines geschichtswissenschaftlich fundierten Debattenbeitrags zur Bewertung der Integrationsgeschichte der deutschen Vertriebenen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland reflektiert der Artikel die Frage, inwiefern sich aus dieser Geschichte Orientierungspunkte für aktuelle Debatten über ein gesellschaftliches Selbstverständnis im Zeichen von Diversität ableiten lassen.
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Das 1919 verschüttete Modell des multiethnischen Habsburgerstaates und dessen Entbergung nach 1989 für die Europäische Union
167-188Views:166Der Artikel geht auf die Frage ein, wie das alte Habsburgerreich unmittelbar vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg beschrieben worden ist: Im dem Großkompendium „Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild“ wurde der Vielvölkerstaat als positives, kraftvolles und zukunftsweisendes Modell dargestellt. Nach dem I. Weltkrieg galt die Habsburgermonarchie in der deutschsprachigen Geschichtsschreibung als morbides, innerlich zerstrittenes, von ethnischen Fliehkräften geschwächtes, funktionsuntüchtiges Staatsgebilde. Nach 1990 jedoch, und im Anschluss an die prominent gewordenen Schriften von Claudio Magris, insbesondere an sein „Donau“-Buch, hat der multiethnische Habsburgerstaat als kulturelles und auch als politisches Gebilde wieder Rehabilitation erfahren. Gerade nach 2004, also nach der Aufnahme der mittelosteuropäischen Länder in die Europäische Union, begegnet uns die positive, ästimierende Schilderung ethnischer Vielfalt als Vorbild wieder mehrfach. Ein in diesem Beitrag herangezogenes Beispiel dafür sind die Argumente, die die Auszeichnung der Banatstadt Temeswar als „Europäische Kulturhauptstadt“ unterstützt haben.
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New Settlements in Bishkek: Law, Urban Space, Culture and Socio-Economic Development
99-122Views:105In Kyrgyzstan, internal migrants in search of a better life left high mountains, clean air, and their native village. There are tens of thousands of such people around the capital city of Bishkek. Physically, they are in the capital in the status of city dwellers, but living conditions, the level of access to public services are at the level of remote regions. And this is how these internal migrants live for tens of years, a new generation of children is growing up who were born in these slums where lack of infrastructure such as schools, drinking water, medical facility, electricity, and transport.
This study is aimed to explore the living conditions of residents in the new settlements and their rights for decent housing. The study was prepared in order to attract the attention of the state authorities to solve the urgent problems of the residents.
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Die Vertreibung als Zäsur im religiös-kulturellen Leben der ungarndeutschen Gemeinde Budaörs/Wudersch?
87-118Views:180Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Frage, inwieweit und warum sich die Vertreibung der deutschsprachigen bzw. -stämmigen Bevölkerung aus Ungarn, die 1946 in Budaörs/Wudersch begann, als historische Zäsur in der Gestaltung der dortigen Fronleichnamstraditionen durchsetzte. Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten, zumeist verfasst von Budaörser Ortshistorikern und Ortshistorikerinnen, behaupten, die Vertreibung hätte unmittelbar zur Änderung der Festgestaltung der vermeintlich 300 Jahre alten Budaörser Tradition des Blumenteppichlegens an Fronleichnam geführt. Beschreibungen des Festes in der heutigen Form beziehen sich auf die Vertreibung als die Zäsur, die zur Verkürzung des Prozessionsweges führte, welcher nun nur mehr um die Kirche herum führen durfte. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Vertreibung 1946 als einzig mögliche Zäsur in der Festgestaltung hinterfragt. Dies geschieht aufgrund der Auseinandersetzung mit dem Wesen und den Charakteristika von historischen Zäsuren und der Analyse der lokalen politischen und gesellschaftlichen Entwicklungen in Budaörs in den Kriegsjahren. Um diese Entwicklungen auf lokaler Ebene in Budaörs nachzuvollziehen, wird in der Arbeit auf die Rolle von Kardinal József Mindszenty und der katholischen Kirche in Ungarn in den Jahren 1945–1949 eingegangen. Nach der theoretischen Auseinandersetzung mit Alben und ihrer identitätsstiftenden Funktion wird ein bisher zur Forschung nicht herangezogenes Quellenmaterial, ein Album im Erzbischöflichen Archiv in Esztergom/Gran, vorgestellt und analysiert. Das Kardinal Mindszenty 1948 anlässlich der von ihm durchgeführten Firmung in Budaörs zum Geschenk gemachte Album mit Fotos dieses Ereignisses und der lokalen Fronleichnamstradition zeugt davon, dass die Vertreibung nicht unmittelbar zur Veränderung des Prozessionsweges führte. Die Veränderungen in der Brauchgestaltung sind vielmehr als Folgen einer langjährigen Umwälzungs- und Anpassungsperiode an die politischen und sozialen Gegebenheiten zu verstehen, mitunter der sukzessiven Verfolgung der katholischen Kirche, die in der Festnahme von Mindszenty im Jahr 1948 mündete.
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Imaginäre und reale Brücken als verbindende Elemente in kommunalen Beziehungen?
209-232Views:14Im Zusammenhang mit Städtepartnerschaften und anderen internationalen Kontakten wird oft von Brücken gesprochen. Im Allgemeinen wird dieses Wort positiv konnotiert, denn Brücken ermöglichen Interaktion und Kommunikation und schaffen im Idealfall enge Beziehungen. Vor allem in öffentlichen Erklärungen wird ihre verbindende Bedeutung hervorgehoben und gefeiert. Während zumeist von Brücken im metaphorischen Sinne die Rede ist, handelt es sich in einigen Fällen um reale Bauwerke, die zum Beispiel einem bestimmten Partner gewidmet sind, oder zwischen zwei Partnergemeinden aus verschiedenen Staaten stehen. Während die Bedeutung der ersteren im Symbolischen liegt, erfüllen die letzteren auch eine Funktion im eigentlichen Sinne. Im übertragenen Sinne können auch gemeinsame Elemente des täglichen Lebens eine Brücke bilden und Menschen zusammenführen, wie z. B. Bräuche, Herkunft, wirtschaftliche Einkommensquellen, geografische Lage und historische Erfahrungen. Reale Brücken können nicht nur Menschen und Städte verbinden, sondern auch als Denkmäler fungieren, die eine Beziehung immer wieder in Erinnerung rufen.
Anhand der Beschreibung ausgewählter Beispiele von imaginären und realen Brücken geht der Artikel auch auf folgende Fragen ein: Ist die Brückenmetapher meist nur eine leere Floskel? Wie werden bildliche und tatsächliche Brücken von der Öffentlichkeit wahrgenommen? Sind imaginäre Brücken (z. B. einschlägige Aktivitäten, alltagskulturelle Ähnlichkeiten) und physische Brücken wirklich verbindende Elemente in der europäischen Vielfalt? Inwiefern sind sie hilfreich, um das Fremde zu verstehen? Der Artikel bezieht sich vor allem auf langjährige Forschungen des Autors zu Städte- und Gemeindepartnerschaften, aber auch auf einige andere bilaterale Beziehungen im mitteleuropäischen Kontext. Als Quellen dienen Beobachtungen, Umfragen, Medienauswertungen und andere Recherchemittel.
