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• Economic Aspects of Rural Tourism

  55-71

  Bernadett Bainé Szabó

  Views:

  214

  necessary to ensure the livelihoods of those leaving the agricultural sector and to supplement the incomes of those working in agriculture. I research rural development in four settlements in Hajdú-Bihar County, in Balmazújváros, Hortobágy, Tiszacsege and Egyek, all bordering Hortobágy National Park.
  There are many alternative income sources in settlements in the Hortobágy area, such as organic farming, production herbs, hungaricums, small animals and arts and crafts, as well as rural tourism. Rural tourism is not for subsistence, but a supplementary income source, mainly available during the summer time. I made a survey of rural hosts in the four examined settlements, and according to my results, I constructed a model reflecting the cost-benefit relation, as well as the payment period conditions of rural tourism. I am going to show whether it is worth dealing with rural tourism, and if yes, under what conditions. Rural tourism contributes to the maintenance of rural modes of living, in this way it has significant cultural, economic, ecological and social aspects, as well. It is crucial for settlements to create the appropriate conditions needed for joining rural tourism, if it is worth joining at all, and to realise investments for all these. Rural tourism has strict requirements for the levels of environment, infrastructure and services. Studying the Western-European practices, Hungary is lagged behind in the conditions of rural tourism and rural hosts have done their activities mainly out of necessity and not to maintain traditions. Rural tourism may result in success only by co-operation and over the long-run.

• Phytoplasma diseases on fruits in Hungary

  24-29

  Sándor Süle

  Views:

  276

  In the last twenty years, three phytoplasma diseases were identified in Hungary, viz. European Stone Fruit Yellows (ESFY) (caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum), pear decline (caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri), and apple proliferation (caused by Candidatus Phytoplasma mali). Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum was isolated from apricot, peach, plum and japanese plum. Cacopsylla pruni the vector of ESFY was also isolated and identified. Infection of Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri was diagnosed from pear and Candidatus Phytoplasma mali was found on apple and pear. The three phytoplasmas cause different damages on their host plants. The most economically important phytoplasma disease is the ESFY. It seriously impairs apricot and japanase plum trees. After infection of apricots and japanese plums show yellowing and defoliation, and within a few years die in apoplexy-like symptoms. The disease on japanese plum is so severe that this fruit practically can not be cultivated in Hungary. Pear decline is the most serious problem especially in intensive pear plantations. The vector Cacopsylla pyri, C. pyrisuga and C. pyricola can be found in almost all pear orchards. Because of the regular presence of psyllids in intensive pear orchards the insecticide control is necessary. Apple proliferation is not an important disease in Hungary. All of our isolations of ’Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ occured in organic orchards and record was not available in Hungary lately.

• Bioreactors in Hungary

  248-254

  Botond Sinóros-Szabó Jr.

  Stephan Maniak

  Views:

  207

  The transformation and utilization of organic materials must occur with the highest degree of environmental conformity. This conformity – in accordance with the guiding principles of the European Union – will result in a new economic and systematical approach. We can establish the profitability of projects with the utilization of surplus effects which characterize multiple-product lines.

• Effects of different groundcover matters on nutrient availability in an integrated apple orchard in Eastern-Hungary

  21-25

  Péter Tamás Nagy

  Views:

  349

  The aim of our study is to examine the effects of different groundcover methods on nutrient availability and uptake of apple orchard. The
  experiment was carried out at the orchard of TEDEJ Rt. at Hajdúnánás-Tedej, in Eastern Hungary. The orchard was set up on lowland chernozem soil in the Nyírség region. It was established in the autumn of 1999, using Idared cultivar grafted on MM106 rootstocks at a spacing of 3.8 x 1.1 m.
  The applied treatments were divided into two groups according to origins and effects. On the one hand, different livestock manures (cow,
  horse and pig), on the other hand different mulch-matters (straw, pine bark mulch, black foil) were used. The different manures and mulches
  were applied on the surface to test the effectiveness of these materials.
  The effectiveness of manure treatments was higher than the other treatments on AL soluble P content of soil. Mostly the manure treatments
  increased the AL soluble K of soil. Our all treatments increased 0.01 M CaCl₂ soluble NO3 ^- -N content of the examined soil layers. The effect
  of manure treatments was the highest. From the results it was evident that the amount of easily soluble organic nitrogen fraction distributed
  more homogeneously than the other mineral N fractions examined.
  Our results can be summarized as follows:
  1. Our results pointed out that the used ground covering matters divided into several categories regarding its effect.
  2. The available N, P and K contents of soil were mostly increased by applying manures.
  3. The effectiveness of straw, mulch and mostly black foil was lower.
  4. Differences were found between nutrient supplying treatments and the treatments which did not supply nutrients.