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• Een trouwe vriend van Hongarije: Ds. Han Munnik (1884–1969)

  37-52

  Maarten J. Aalders

  Views:

  82

  From 1921 on, the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands had a study fund, especially for Hungarian students. Until the Second World War, about 40 students studied with funding from that scholarship, neatly distributed between the Free University and the Theological School in Kampen. The chairman of the fund was Prof. F.W. Grosheide (1881–1972) of the Free University, its secretary was Rev. H.A. Munnik (1884–1969), from Zwolle. Both were involved in the fund from 1921 on, Grosheide retired in 1952, Munnik a few years later. Munnik became an honorary member of the Association of Hungarian Pastors and Honorary Professor in Debrecen (1938), Grosheide became Honorary Doctor in Sárospatak (1931), Debrecen (1938), and Budapest (1946). This indicates their significance for the Hungarian ministerial corps and for the contacts between Hungary and the Netherlands in those years.

• A Humanist Diplomat in Early 16th Century Hungary: Hieronymus Balbus

  11-48

  Attila Bárány

  Views:

  158

  The article investigates new sources, Western European, mainly English diplomatic reports – several being so far unknown for Hungarian scholarship, or, if known, not examined in this regard – e.g. held at the British Library Manuscript Collection to shed light on Hungarian-Ottoman relations at the eve of the fall of the “shield of Christendom”, Belgrade in 1521. The article follows the mission of Hieronymus Balbus, an Italian at the diplomatic personnel of Jagiellonian Hungary, in 1521 to the Habsburg, Tudor and Valois courts. Balbus’s diplomatic workings – through the embassy to the Emperor (Charles V in Worms and Brussels), a peace conference at Calais and Cardinal Wolsey and Henry VIII, King of England – has not been adequately seen in Hungarian historiography, and some of his letters and political activity ranging from Bruges, Worms, Calais, London and Cologne has not so far been mapped, yet new insights can be given for the understanding of Louis II’s diplomatic efforts during the stress of the siege and loss of Belgrade in 1521. The investigation is largely based on Balbus’s dispatches – which has not survived in Hungarian archival material but were preserved in the reports of English envoys of his activity, to the maker of Tudor policy, Chancellor Wolsey. The correspondence of Balbus provides valuable information on the administration of Louis II, about its relationship with the Turks and the Emperor. The leaders of Hungarian diplomacy did not lack astuteness and “had a clear picture” about the international power relations. The government experimented with alternatives, provided they did not receive any aid from the Habsburgs: they were willing to go as far as making an alliance with not only the English, but even with the Emperor’s enemies, the Valois. In 1521, despite the powerful Habsburg dominance, Hungarian foreign politics did have some room to manoeuvre.

• De studie van Imre Forró in de jaren 30 aan de Utrechtse universiteit

  157-188

  Réka Bozzay

  Views:

  29

  Imre Forró, a theology student from Debrecen, studied at Utrecht University in the 1930s with a scholarship from the Stipendium Bernardinum. Several sources about his studies abroad have survived. Some of them are kept in the archives of the Reformed Church District of Tiszántúl, others are in the family archives. The sources allow us to reconstruct the life of the former student abroad. We know with which professor he studied and took his exams, where he lived, with whom he made friends, which associations (International Students’ Club, Voetius Reformed Theologians’ Association) he was a member of. Forró was the first to start a systematic, source-level investigation of the Franeker peregrination, but (due to illness and unfounded accusations of plagiarism) he was only able to continue this after his retirement.