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• Study the correlation of morphological and production traits of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) (Review

  61-65

  Erika Péntek-Zakar

  András Jávor

  Szilvia Kusza

  Views:

  164

  There are several morphological differences among the honey bee subspecies, which proofs that they adapted different way to the environmental factors of the given area. Morphological observations are not the only way to separate subspecies, it is possible on their genetic speciality as well. The authors’s aim in this present study was to examine morphological characteristics of subspecies, furthermore looking for correlation between morphological parameters and honey yield. According to their results, among the most important parameters considered by Hungarian breeders, in the case of the native Apismelliferacarnica subspecies, the proboscis length could be the indirect tool for honey-productivity focused selection.

• Baking quality of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the long-term experiments on chernozem soil

  152-156

  Péter Pepó

  Views:

  69

  Agriculture has traditionally an important role in Hungarian economy and rural development. About 75 % of Hungary’s total territory
  is under agricultural land use. Because of ecological conditions and production traditions cereals (wheat, maize etc) have the greatest
  importance in Hungarian crop production. In the 1980’s the country-average yields of wheat were about 5,0-5,5 t ha-1 („industrial-like”
  crop production-model). In the 1990’s the yields of wheat dropped to 4,0 t ha-1 because of low input-using and wide application of the issues
  of environmental protection and sustainability. Winter wheat production for quality has a decisive role in certain regions of Hungary
  (eastern and middle-parts).
  The quality of wheat is complex and different. Three major growing factor groups determine the quality of winter wheat: genotype,
  agroecological conditions and agrotechnical factors. In wheat production for quality the selection of the variety is the most important
  element. Our long-term experiments proved that the quality traits of a variety means the highest (maximum) limit of quality which could not
  be exceeded in fact. During the vegetation period of wheat the different ecological and agrotechnical factors could help or on the contrary
  could demage the quality parameters of wheat.
  The agrotechnical factors determining the baking quality of wheat can be divided into two groups: the first group means the factors with
  direct effects on quality (fertilization, irrigation, harvest); the second group contains the elements with indirect effects on quality (crop
  rotation, tillage, planting, crop protection).
  Appropriate fertilization could help to manifest the maximum of quality parameters of a wheat genotype and could reduce the qualityfluctuation
  in unfavourable ecological and agrotechnical conditions.

• Efficiency of Fertilization in Sustainable Wheat Production

  59-64

  Péter Pepó

  Views:

  94

  In sustainable (wheat) production plant nutrition supply and fertilization play decisive roles among the agrotechnical elements, because of their direct and indirect effects on other agronomical factors.
  In long-term experiments, we studied the roles of agroecological, genetic-biological and agrotechnical factors in the nutrient supply, fertilization and its efficiency in wheat production under continental climatic conditions (eastern part of Hungary, Trans-Tisza) on chernozem soil. Our results have proved that there are different (positive and negative) interactions among ecological, biological, and agrotechnical elements of wheat production. These interaction effects could modify the nutrient demand, fertilizer (mainly nitrogen) response of wheat varieties and efficiency of fertilization in wheat production.
  The optimum N-doses (+PK) of wheat varieties varied from 60 kg ha-1 (+PK) to 120 kg ha-1 (+PK) depending on cropyears, agrotechnical elements and genotypes. The winter wheat varieties could be classified into 4 groups according to their fertilizer demand, natural and fertilizer utilization, fertilizer response and yield capacity.
  Appropriate fertilization (mainly N) of wheat could affect both the quantity and quality of the yield. By using optimum N (+PK) fertilizer doses, we could manifest genetically- coded baking quality traits of winter wheat varieties and reduce quality fluctuation caused by ecological and other management factors. The efficiency of fertilization on different baking quality parameters (wet-gluten, valorigraph index etc) were variety specific (the changes depended on genotypes).
  Our long-term experiments proved that appropriate fertilization provides optimum yield, good yield stability and excellent yield quality in sustainable wheat production. We could this get better agronomic and economic fertilization efficiency with less harmful environmental effects.

• The possibilities and limitations of organic fruit production

  41-45

  Péter Dremák

  Views:

  68

  In this review, direct and indirect technological elements of organic production are discussed. Today, there is a growing interest in production prepared without chemicals. We discuss the following issues: site selection, soil, rootstock and cultivar requirements, plant material, planting distances, crown formation, phytotechical operation, irrigation, soil tillage, soil covering and muchning, nutrition supply. Separate section deals with methods of plant protection.