Relative ecological and biological indicator values of plum and prune cultivars

The plum is one of the oldest domesticated fruit species, yet relatively little-known archaeological site, although the evidence is, however, rich archeobotany. The Carpathian Basin is a different situation because the local outcrops of rescue excavations archeobotanical always received great emphasis. These data carry cultural evolution introduced historical information is, of course, the archaeological ages; ethnic groups often exchanger activity was also documented (Gyulai 2001). The natural conditions of the natural environment taking into account the conversion of a long process result (Surányi 1985, Roach in 1985, Visy 2003). The plum and geographic large regions importance of really raises the Prunus domestica (reciprocal) parental partners in the Carpathian Basin resident, that is, blackthorn and cherry plum area meets reach the Caucasus region of (Rybin 1935, 1936 and 1962), Central Europe and Balkan (Schwanitz 1973, Terpó 1974, Larcher 1980, Faust – Surányi 1997). The origin of species, their genetic and biological properties of the characters assume the specific ecological needs (Faust et al. 2011). In a number of branches of botany ecological evaluation is not new, examples of which can be found in the literature on Hungarian language (Soó 1964– 1985, Zólyomi 1964, Précsényi 1986, Simon 1988 and Borhidi 1993). Over the last decade, based mainly on works of Simon (1988, 1991) and Borhidi (1993, 1995), individual ecological indicator values have been established (Surányi 2000), and applied for the varieties prepared in the national cultivar catalogue (Pernesz 2013), pomological handbooks (Soltész 1998) and former pomological works (cf. Surányi 2002). This study presents an expanded and updated version of that one published in Kanitzia (Surányi 2006), and a summary of Hungarian fruit cultivars in Acta Bot. Hung. (Surányi 2014). The expression of the ecological experience in form of relative indicator values is not a new classification experiment to compare the ecological species. In this paper we consistently use Borhidi’s (1993, 1995) fundamental work on the ecological values of the indigenous flora. At first, Iversen (1936) applied relative indicator values for characterising salt-resistance of coastal plants, suggesting a three-grade scale. Ellenberg (1950, 1952) worked out the ecological indicator values of a larger number of meadow plants and different weeds for several ecological factors and the first experiment for applying these indicator values in classifying plant communities. Ellenberg (1963) applied 5-grade scales and the moisture scale was amplified later to a 10-grade scale. The development of the indicator values, an important contribution was made by Zólyomi’s TWR-system (1964) and that improved their staff (Zólyomi et al. 1967). The TWR-system consisted of a 10-grade temperature scale (T), an 11-grade water content or soil moisture scale (W) and a 5-grade soil reaction scale (R), which was worked out for 1.400 native species of the Hungarian flora and weeds Relative ecological and biological indicator values of plum and prune cultivars


Introduction
The plum is one of the oldest domesticated fruit species, yet relatively little-known archaeological site, although the evidence is, however, rich archeobotany.The Carpathian Basin is a different situation because the local outcrops of rescue excavations archeobotanical always received great emphasis.These data carry cultural evolution introduced historical information is, of course, the archaeological ages; ethnic groups often exchanger activity was also documented (Gyulai 2001).The natural conditions of the natural environment taking into account the conversion of a long process result (Surányi 1985, Roach in 1985, Visy 2003).
The origin of species, their genetic and biological properties of the characters assume the specific ecological needs (Faust et al. 2011).In a number of branches of botany ecological evaluation is not new, examples of which can be found in the literature on Hungarian language (Soó 1964-1985, Zólyomi 1964, Précsényi 1986, Simon 1988and Borhidi 1993).
The expression of the ecological experience in form of relative indicator values is not a new classification experiment to compare the ecological species.In this paper we consistently use Borhidi's (1993Borhidi's ( , 1995) ) fundamental work on the ecological values of the indigenous flora.At first, Iversen (1936) applied relative indicator values for characterising salt-resistance of coastal plants, suggesting a three-grade scale.Ellenberg (1950Ellenberg ( , 1952) ) worked out the ecological indicator values of a larger number of meadow plants and different weeds for several ecological factors and the first experiment for applying these indicator values in classifying plant communities.Ellenberg (1963) applied 5-grade scales and the moisture scale was amplified later to a 10-grade scale.
The development of the indicator values, an important contribution was made by Zólyomi's TWR-system (1964) and that improved their staff (Zólyomi et al. 1967).
The TWR-system consisted of a 10-grade temperature scale (T), an 11-grade water content or soil moisture scale (W) and a 5-grade soil reaction scale (R), which was worked out for 1.400 native species of the Hungarian flora and weeds (Kárpáti 1978) and with some critical taxonomic groups (Borhidi 1969).The TWR formed an ecological reference system for plant communities and to place a multidimensional ecological space (cf.Précsényi, in Zólyomi 1964, Zólyomi and Précsényi 1979, cit. Borhidi 1993, Zólyomi 1987).Ellenberg (1974) elaborated ecological behaviour indicator values with regard to the seven main environmental factors; three of them are climatic ones: temperature (T), light (L), and continentality (C), further three indicators related to soil factors, i.e. moisture or water supply (F), acidity or Soil reaction (R) and nitrogen supply (N), the salinity has been recently actualised (Ellenberg et al. 1991).
Although the indicator values of Ellenberg were not used by the Hungarian botanists, it had been included into the Synopsis of Soó (1964Soó ( -1985)): the TFRN-values of Soó can be obtained by dividing Ellenberg's figures.Kovács (1979) elaborated Ellenberg's indicator values of 1.300 plant species of Romania and a register of other biological characteristics, too.Borhidi (1993Borhidi ( , 1995) ) found the ecological indicator values of the Hungarian flora in the following order, which we applied in a recent study of pomological species.In the following, we take the figures as defined in Borhidi's (1993Borhidi's ( , 1995) ) study, as well as to extend the cultivated fruit varieties in the Hungarian cultural flora.

Materials and methods
There are 485 different plum cultivars which have different taxonomic character in Material and Methods.These relative values determined on the basis of the ecological information of plums for references to literary sources… The definition of Borhidi's ecological figures is following (1993 and 1995).
TB: The relative temperature figures reflecting the heat supply of the habitats where the species occur (mainly based on the distribution according to the latitudinal vegetation zones and altitudinal belts).The temperature figures of Ellenberg's (1974) 9-grade scale (T) applied by Borhidi (B) (1995) to the Hungarian flora and by Surányi (2014) Ellenberg (1963).The scale is very similar to the W-scale of Zólyomi (1964) (1952), reflect to the occurrence of the plants in relation of the soil reaction of the habitats (Tüxen -Ellenberg 1937).In the 5-grade Zólyomi's (1987) scale calciphilous and salt tolerant or even halophilous plants are equally treated as basiphilous plants.Here the two groups are differentiated by their positive or negative salt figure category.A comparison of the reaction value scales according to Ellenberg's (1952) versus Zólyomi's classification (1987) was carried out by Pichler -Karrer (1991).The correspondent degrees are: 4. Plants of moderately acidic soils 5. Plants of slightly acid soils 6. Mostly on neutral soils but also in acid and basic ones, generally widely tolerant, more or less indifferent plants 7. Basifrequent plants, mostly on basic soils.NB: Nitrogen figures according to Ellenberg's 9-grade scale (1974), based on the occurrence in relation to the ammonia and nitrate supply of the habitats, which received Borhidi (1995) then Surányi (2014)  SB: Salt figures for indicating plant occurrence in relation to the salt concentration of the soils in a 9-grade scale, according to Scherfose (1990).Literary sources of ecological indicators are included in the Introduction, because breakdown by type of detail is not possible.The salt figures at least, developed to the SB.The toxic salt content is generally perceived afterwards, when the trees have been damaged: 0. Halophob species not occurring in salty or alkalic soils 1. Salt tolerant plants but living mainly on non-saline soils.
It was developing new added relative value numbers that have been introduced in the fruit-bearing species.We first presented in open pollination, the flower buds and bark frost sensitivity and significance for plums and prunes main concern viruses Sharka sensitivity and susceptibility to disease pathology (monilia, polystigma, clasterosporium, taphrina)  3. sensitive (over 50% of leaf symptoms and fruit falling).
In this study we wanted to choose, whether it is possible in an economic species, though several taxa botanical species and under species the representatives of the ecological and biological differences between cultivars characterization according to Ellenberg -Borhidi -Surányi's modified based on the relative figures.The results are shown in summing table; we assume that the cultivars will be easier of origin and economic-botanical view can be evaluated, increasing the effectiveness of plum cultivation.

Results and discussion
There were suitable for comparing the plum varieties based on 485 relative ecological figures of plums (Borhidi 1995), towards also a large number of data and its own observations, the relative biological indices.Since the beginning of studies, in particular, increased numbers can be expressed in value relative information (as ecological figures) of importance: due to climate change because of the extreme weather, the lack of rainfall actual vegetation -growing without irrigation, drought-tolerant cultivars of plums and role increase.Climate change impacts not only effects because of new pathogens, pests and dangers roof role in the change (increase can be observed more) plum cultivation -a series of new problems brought to light.
Although it is very difficult to prove the following relevantly, but experience shows that the largest number of varieties can change your reaction on the environment.So that no less -and therefore for this reason -the physiognomic character of plums too.Increasingly drier due to weather due to the increasing weight vector (aphids) organisms cause problems of the viral disease, or wet vegetation and fungal diseases and plum fruits mechanical damage (cracking).In 2014 it was almost impossible to defend in times of torrential rains and the thin-skinned and high sugar content varieties.
Since it was not possible types of representative taxa (P.cerasifera, P. insititia, P. domestica, four convarietas of P. italica, P. syriaca, P. salicina, as well as some American and other hybrid species, etc.) are statistically correct way compare (sort of like varieties and the order of repetition), so some varieties listed in Table 1 were carried out only to measures of individual comparisons.Earlier studies have been faced with these difficulties (Surányi 2000(Surányi , 2006(Surányi and 2014)).Still, there are several ways we tried to evaluate the fruit species, that is not only used in Ellenberg and Borhidi's figures, but Soó (1964Soó ( -1985)), Zólyomi et al. (1967), Simon  (1988 and 1991) and Kovács (1979) also tried to evaluate the concept of fruit growing (that is in our fruit flora) cultivars.
Although the literature cited authors examined all the natural species, varieties produced also tried to extend it.Finally, the Borhidi's relative ecological indicators found to be satisfactory analysis of the varieties (Surányi 2006 and2014) (Table 1 and 2), which extended its biological figures.
The main conclusions were as follows: 1.The characterization of the plum cultivars are suitable values: relative temperature figures (TB), relative moisture figures (WB) and light figures (LB).
But that does not mean the second nitrogen figures (NB), soil reaction figures (RB) and continentality values (KB) are insignificance.
3. The salt figures (SB) -in Ellenberg-Borhidi's system -according to the species natural to use, but varieties in Prunus the new and further analyzes are required.SB values are not sensitive enough.
4. The figures relate to the value of open pollination of cultivars (OP), degree of frost resistance (FR), -sharka virus sensitivity (SS) and the grade of disease resistance (DR) was evaluated and sensitivity of a quick overview.
5. As continuation of this work is mainly apricot, apple, pear and peach cultivars usable seen their economic-botanical evaluating, with all the comments, cabbage, which is valid for the plum varieties as well.
6. Apparently, among the cultivated strawberry cultivars (cf.Surányi 2005 and2014), this form of the 11 least-used figure of the salt figures (SB) from the fruit species for each species at the level of the same can be said (Surányi 2014).
7. In the case of semi-wild and wild fruit species -are possible with similar comparative analyzes, and hopefully will in feral forms, culture -as we have seen previously (Surányi 2000 and2006).
8. In the continuation analysis of the natural vegetation and cultural context of the complex multifactorial factors will be carried out more easily, according to the relative value figures, as well as rootstock effects and plantation's habitat studies, and even the most phytotechnical evaluation of interventions.
characterization among the plum cultivars.to Sharka (0=no symptoms and presence) 2. tolerant to Sharka (no symptoms, or only in the leaves) 3. susceptible (largely symptomatic leaves and fruits) 4. very sensitive (symptomatic of the whole tree).DR=Measuring of disease resistance 1. resistant to disease (0= no symptoms on the trees) 2. moderately sensitive (cc.30% of leaves or fruit symptoms) FR=Degree of frost resistance 1. frost tolerant (over 5% of flower bud and bark damage) 2. moderately frost sensitive (15-40% of damages) 3. frost sensitive (about 50% of frost damages).SS=Relative value of Sharka virus sensitivity 1. resistant

Table 1 .
Relative ecological indicator values of plum cultivars

Table 2 .
Relative ecological indicator values of plum cultivars