Irrigation Requirements for Grape Crop under Climate Changes Conditions in Egypt

Grape is a popular fruit for both local consumption and international export in many temperate and tropical countries throughout the world. Grape cultivation reached approximately 7.58 million ha world-wide with a total world production of over 68.3 million tons (FAO, 2011). Grape is the second major fruit crops in Egypt and it is the fourth crop of a great potentiality for export to world markets. Total cultivated grapes area in Egypt reached 64,892 ha producing about 1.196 million ton (Ministry of Agriculture, 2010). According to (Tayel et al. 2008), 50 % of these cultivate areas concentrated in the old lands (Wadi and Delta). The water resources in Egypt are limited. The available water resources in Egypt are restricted to a fixed Nile quota (i.e. 55.5 billion cubic meters) in addition to a deep non-renewable groundwater reservoir and a total annually torrent water of 1.5 BCM. The Egyptian water needs are 25% higher than the available water resources, so it should be rationalized irrigation water. Furthermore, it should be also increased the cultivated lands via modern technology in developing farming irrigation systems in both new and old lands (Allam, 1995). The applied water-yield relationship is more complex. At low levels of applied water, up to about 50 % of full irrigation, yield increases more or less linearly with applied water. Beyond the point of maximum yield, the yield turns downward, reflecting yield losses from anaerobic root zone conditions, disease and leaching of nutrients from excessive water use (Vaux and Pruitt, 1983; Erdem et al. 2006). Meanwhile, Matthews (1990) suggested that optimum growth, grape yield, and grape quality could be obtained by controlling irrigation during certain phenological stages of vine growth. The recent climatologically studies found that the global surface air temperature had been increased by 0.76 °C from year 1850 to year 2005. Moreover, the linear warming trend over the last 50 years was recorded by 0.13 °C per decade (IPCC, 2007b). Furthermore, there has been an increase in extreme events frequency and intensity in many parts of the world. Regarding the global trends, the recent studies found that the Arab region experienced an uneven increase in surface air temperature ranged from 0.2 to 2 °C occurred from 1970 to 2004 (IPCC, 2007a). The historical climate data recorded for African shows countries of approximately 0.7°C over most of the continent during the twentieth century (Desanker, 2002). Additionally, climate data gathered in North Africa region during the 20 century indicated heating by more than 1 °C, with pronounced trend in the last 40 years (Agoumi, 2001). The climate change impacts on crop water consumption, under Egyptian conditions, have been studied in scattered and limited studies (Eid et al. 1997, El Marsafaway, 2006, Medany and Hassanien 2006, Abou-Hadid, 2006 and


Introduction
Grape is a popular fruit for both local consumption and international export in many temperate and tropical countries throughout the world.Grape cultivation reached approximately 7.58 million ha world-wide with a total world production of over 68.3 million tons (FAO, 2011).Grape is the second major fruit crops in Egypt and it is the fourth crop of a great potentiality for export to world markets.Total cultivated grapes area in Egypt reached 64,892 ha producing about 1.196 million ton (Ministry of Agriculture, 2010).According to (Tayel et al. 2008), 50 % of these cultivate areas concentrated in the old lands (Wadi and Delta).The water resources in Egypt are limited.The available water resources in Egypt are restricted to a fixed Nile quota (i.e.55.5 billion cubic meters) in addition to a deep non-renewable groundwater reservoir and a total annually torrent water of 1.5 BCM.The Egyptian water needs are 25% higher than the available water resources, so it should be rationalized irrigation water.Furthermore, it should be also increased the cultivated lands via modern technology in developing farming irrigation systems in both new and old lands (Allam, 1995).The applied water-yield relationship is more complex.At low levels of applied water, up to about 50 % of full irrigation, yield increases more or less linearly with applied water.Beyond the point of maximum yield, the yield turns downward, reflecting yield losses from anaerobic root zone conditions, disease and leaching of nutrients from excessive water use (Vaux and Pruitt, 1983;Erdem et al. 2006).Meanwhile, Matthews (1990) suggested that optimum growth, grape yield, and grape quality could be obtained by controlling irrigation during certain phenological stages of vine growth.
The recent climatologically studies found that the global surface air temperature had been increased by 0.76 °C from year 1850 to year 2005.Moreover, the linear warming trend over the last 50 years was recorded by 0.13 °C per decade (IPCC, 2007b).Furthermore, there has been an increase in extreme events frequency and intensity in many parts of the world.Regarding the global trends, the recent studies found that the Arab region experienced an uneven increase in surface air temperature ranged from 0.2 to 2 °C occurred from 1970to 2004(IPCC, 2007a)).The historical climate data recorded for African shows countries of approximately 0.7°C over most of the continent during the twentieth century (Desanker, 2002).Additionally, climate data gathered in North Africa region during the 20 th century indicated heating by more than 1 °C, with pronounced trend in the last 40 years (Agoumi, 2001).The climate change impacts on crop water consumption, under Egyptian conditions, have been studied in scattered and limited studies (Eid et al. 1997 (2011) the climatic differences between the northern and southern governorates in Egypt.Furthermore, these climate differences implied that under climate changes condition, which is expected to occur in the future, the agriculture production in the southern governorates will be affected by expected heat stress.Although, it is true that higher temperature regimes generally result in the best quality fruits, excessively high temperatures for extended periods of time are known to damage fruits.Excessively higher temperatures generally result in delay of fruit maturation and reduction in quality of grape fruit (Kliewer, 1971, Kliewer andSchultz., 1973).
Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of climate changes on water consumptive for grape yield under two Egyptian locations in order to estimate the (ET o ) changes occurred all over Egypt during the historical time series of 2000-2010.

Material and method:
The Penman Monteith equation was used to calculate reference Evapotranspiration (ET o ) and irrigation requirement for grape plant under current and future climate for the two locations (El Menya and El Beheira).

Current climate
Daily historical data of minimum, maximum air temperature, relative humidity, wend speeds and solar radiation of two weather satiations of the Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate (CLAC) were obtained to be calculated and analyzed in order to determine the occurred changes in ET o data trends in two locations (El Beheira and El Menya) in Egypt.The coordinates of these locations are in Table 1 between

Future climate
Two different climate scenarios have been implemented in this work in order to study effects of future climate changes on the Evapotranspiration (ET o ) and irrigation water requirement.Scenarios were done by adding 1.5°C and 3.5°C to the maximum and minimum temperatures for the two locations.

Evapotranspiration (ET o ) calculation Penman-Monteith method
The FAO Penman-Monteith method is recently recommended as the sole standard method when all data required are available (Allen et al, 1998).It is a method with strong likelihood of correctly predicting ET o in a wide range of locations and climates.A panel of experts recommended the adoption of the Penman-Monteith combination method as a new standard for reference evapotranspiration and advised on procedures for calculating the various parameters (Allen et al, 1998).

Irrigation water requirement calculation
Quantity of irrigation water requirements for grape trees for the two locations (El Menya and El Beheira) were calculated using the following equation:

IR= [(ET o x Kcx Kr xA/Ei)+l.R] I
Where: IR = Irrigation water requirements, L/vine/interval, ET o = Reference evapotranspiration, mm/day, Kc =Crop coefficient for grape crop, Kr = Reduction factor due to ground cover.A = Area m 2 /vine.Ei = Irrigation system efficiency %, l.R = Leaching requirements, applied according to the relation between soil extract and irrigation water salinity.

Result and Discussion Monthly Evapotranspiration (ET o ) under current climate
Understanding average monthly ET o trend of the studied period (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009) for the two locations were the first step in carrying out this study.2).In addition, the lowest values of ET o of 1.3 and 1.9 mm, were observed in January at El Behaira and El Menya stations respectively.

Monthly Evapotranspiration (ETo) according to climate change scenarios
The assumptions of two climate change scenarios have been run as changes in maximum and minimum temperature.The first scenario assumption increasing temperature by 1.5 o C what would happen, the second scenario assumption if temperature increased will be 3.5 o C what would happen, the Penman-Monteith applying method to predict future impacts of climate change on Evapotranspiration.Increasing temperature will increase Evapotranspiration at both El Behaira and El Menya Table (2).El Menya station had the highest monthly ET o trends compared to the El Behaira station.The average monthly ET o of the two stations, the highest values of ET o were 4.7, 4.9 and 5.1 mm in June at El Behaira and 6.5, 6.7 and 6.9 at El Menya stations under current and future climate respectively.Meanwhile, the lowest values of ET o 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 mm, in January at El Behaira and 1.9, 2 and 2.1 at El Menya station under current and future climate respectively.

Water consumption under El Menya and El Beheira locations
This data in Table (3) shows that the irrigation requirements for grape should be stopped during dormancy period then start irrigation with blooming stage that, takes into account not oversee water and also plants are not subjected to stress, because it leads to the loss of the crop.After fruit set and fruiting when the fruits were soft should be decrease the water quantity then irrigated it intensive irrigation.After harvesting grape fruits and beginning leafs drop water added till stopped adding water until the plant finish dormancy stage.Similar results were reported by Basinger and Hellman ( 2006

Water requirement under two climate change scenarios
The determination of water consumptive (m 3 ha -1 ) of grapes plant under two Egyptian locations was obtained by Penman Monteith equation which gave indication about the plant response of the applied water and water balance.This item was affected by grape plant development stages and climatic conditions.The crop water consumptive in the current and future climate change (Table 4) exhibit that the actual water consumptive for grape crops was increased according to climate change compared with the actual one in addition to that, it has different regions varied in response to climate changes was also El Menya location will consume the highest irrigation demand under climate changes.The results in Table (4) showed that irrigation requirement for grape at El Menya location higher than El Beheira location.Irrigation demand for grape plant under two climate change scenarios will be increased in El Menya and El Beheira locations.El Menya location will consume the highest irrigation demand according climate changes.From these results, it could be found that, there is a rise in temperature led to a rise in evapotranspiration, causing an increase in water requirements for grape plants under conditions of climate changes the obtained results are in agreement with those of Pouget (1981), Kliewer (1977), Kliewer (1971) and Kliewer and Schultz (1973).Therefore, possible adaptation countermeasures should be developed to mitigate the negative effects of climate change for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems in Egypt.

Conclusion
The irrigation requirements were lower in El Beheira than El Menya location.It could be reviewed that, the crop pattern in Egypt and linked the crop pattern with irrigation requirements.Cultivated crops that use a lot of water in areas which have high temperatures, which leads to water loss, but taking into account productivity and quality.The irrigation requirements will be affected with climate changes.The climate change scenarios determinate that in the future, the irrigation requirements will be increasing with increasing air temperature.Therefore, we should focus in water management for grapes yield, high productivity, quality and water efficiency in current and future situation.
2000 to 2009.The current ET o (average data of 2000-2009) was compared to the ET o under two climate change scenarios.
Fig. (1) shows the average monthly ET o , at the two studied weather stations.El Menya station had recorded the highest monthly ET o trends compared to the El Behaira station.The highest ET o recorded during 2008 and the lowest ET o recorded during 2002.Regarding the average monthly ET o of the two stations, the highest values of ET o of 4.7 and 6.5 mm were observed in June at El Behaira and El Menya stations respectively, Fig. ( ), Zhang and Davies (1989), During et al. (1997), Correia et al. (1995) and Stoll et al. (2000).The effect of different two locations on grape water consumption is present in Table (3).Data shows that the

, El Marsafaway, 2006, Medany and Hassanien 2006, Abou-Hadid, 2006 and Keywords: Climate changes, reference evapotranspiration Irrigation requirements, grape Irrigation Requirements for Grape Crop under Climate Changes Conditions in Egypt Hashem F. A. 1 , Hassanein, M. K. 1 , Khalil, A. A. 1 , Domokos-Szabolcsy, É. 2 and Fári M. 2
The present work is mainly directed to discuss sensitivity of climate changes upon the irrigation demand for grape crop in Egypt.
Summary: requirement for grape crop under Egyptian conditions.Two climate changes scenarios have been applied as changes in temperature.The first scenario supposed that increasing in temperature of 1.5°C would happen, and the second scenario supposed that increasing of 3.5°C would happen to calculate reference Evapotranspiration and irrigation requirement for future climate.The results showed that the evapotranspiration and irrigation requirement for grape crop at El Menya location higher than El Beheira location.Irrigation demand for grape plant under two climate changes scenario will increase in El Menya and El Beheira locations.El Menya location will take the highest irrigation demand under climate changes.Therefore, possible adaptation countermeasures should be developed to mitigate the negative effects of climate changes for the sustainable development of agro-ecosystems in Egypt.

Table 1 :
Coordinates of weather stations at El Behaira and El Menya locations

Table 2 :
Average monthly evapotranspiration under current and future climate

Allen et al. (1998).
(Khalil et al. 2011nder El Beheira area is lower than El Menya location, due to the highest air temperatures, the highest relative humidity and the highest light intensity in El Menya location, which led to the increase on water consumption(Khalil et al. 2011).