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Az élethez való jog néhány jogelméleti kérdéséről
65-73Views:124Nowadays in vitro fertilisation raises relevant controversies at the point of view of jurisprudence as well. The distinct approximations of in vitro embryos, such as to be considered as personae or objects, are also resources of several theoretical and pragmatical questions. It is essential to give a compendious summary about what kind of jurisprudental environment had been contributed to the intrumental comprehension of human embryos too, otherwise it is difficult to understand the scientific quandaries connected to the subject correctly. Merely thereafter the international and the Hungarian regulation of in vitro embryo’s status seems to able to be dissected, in particular the case-law of the Hungarian Constitutional Court related to the right to life and the constitutional funds of the oncurrent re-regulation in our country.
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Gibt es nur einen Vater? Das Familienrechtliche Sicherheitsnetz des Vaters, der das Kind zu Unrecht als sein eigenes Beansprucht
135-151Views:19Die Abstammung ist ein wesentlicher Bestandteil unserer Identität, und die Eltern-Kind-Beziehung ist eine der wichtigsten sozialen Beziehungen in unserem Leben. Der vermeintliche Vater glaubt für eine gewisse Zeit, dass ein Kind, das nicht sein eigenes ist, tatsächlich sein eigenes ist, und wie kurz dieser Zeitraum auch sein mag, es ist wahrscheinlich, dass sich eine Art bewusste und emotionale Bindung zwischen ihm und dem Kind entwickelt. Wenn ein solches Wissen, das die Grundlage unseres Selbstwertgefühls, unserer Herkunft ist, fälschlicherweise gedacht wird und wir von heute auf morgen damit konfrontiert werden, führt dies mit Sicherheit zu einer traumatischen Erfahrung, zu einer Beschädigung unserer Identität.
In der vorliegenden Studie werden wir versuchen, die beschriebenen historischen Tatsachen mit den relevanten rechtlichen Tatsachen zu vergleichen, indem wir in die Haut eines Gesetzeshüters schlüpfen. Wie kann das Familienrecht reagieren, wenn "der Apfel weit vom Stamm fällt"? Wir gehen davon aus, dass der historische Sachverhalt in erster Linie einen Familienkonflikt darstellt, so dass es logisch wäre, den Schutz des Familienrechts in Anspruch zu nehmen. Es stellt sich jedoch die Frage, ob das Familienrecht allein in der Lage ist, die beschriebene Beeinträchtigung der Interessen des mutmaßlichen Vaters vollständig zu kompensieren, oder ob dazu möglicherweise andere Rechtsbereiche aktiviert werden müssen.
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A pihenéshez és a szórakozáshoz való jog érvényesülése az elméletben és a (terézvárosi és nyíradonyi) gyakorlatban
33-42Views:122Absztrakt nélkül
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Marton Géza debreceni jogi oktatási reformtervei és a római jog helye a curriculumban
Views:49Absztrakt nélkül.
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Egészség vagy munka? Az egészséges környezethez való jog megvalósulása a munkaviszonyban
43-50Views:56Absztrakt nélkül.
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A szerződési jog alapelveinek értelmezése és funkciói a német polgári jogban
Views:50To describe the functions of principles we can say that all of them are fundamental basis of an area of law. They declare or solve concrete debates between the parties. If there is a problem with interpreting of a rule in the civil code, judges has this helping hand. In Germany the development of principles in the field of contract law has a really unique historical root. At the time of BGB’s birth, the German Civil Code did not accept any exculpation under the rule pacta sunt servanda. Moral philosophers acknowledged that a contract as private interest of the parties needs special protection from the state. It is not only a personal relationship, because self welfare leads to welfare of the public. The law has to regulate this field and give instruments of protection for both parties to ensure peace and equality in the field of public relations and moral.
After the First World War, Rechtsmark (German currency) had its deepest point in its history. The inflation was so high that the performance of a contract made before the war was absolutely unfair for the supplier. For the cost of one galloon gas anyone could buy the entire stock after the war. There was a too late and too small reaction from the state for this situation. An Act had been accepted in 1925 about revalorization. The main fault of this Act was the strict and very small applicability in the field of contracts. The regulations of it were applicable only for contracts with large economic potential.
German jurisdiction had to solve the problem. The most difficult part of this process was how to dissolve the strict paradigm of pacta sunt servanda. Oertmann, a German legal expert created the collapse of the foundation of the transaction. It meant that changed circumstances deprive the contract from its ground, the need of the party. Anybody who signs a contract has a need and tries to create all conditions of that specific contract to harmonize with his or her needs and interest. In case of an essential change of circumstances this interest modifies and the original transaction became tremendously onerous for him or her. The doctrine of Oertmann was insisted on pacta sunt servanda, so after the change of circumstances the whole contract failed.
Jurisdiction in Germany accepted Oertmann’s doctrine with a completion. Judges vindicated the right for themselves to modify the contract to be suitable for the new interests of the parties. This modification meant the implementation of clausula rebus sic stantibus into German contract law. It became applicable worldwide in the field of long term relationship of the parties.
In this essay I examine not only the development of these contractual principles in Germany but the effectiveness and functions of them. I describe and define the legal interest of regulating contracts and what is the connection between private and public interest in the field of the law of contracts. As a defect of the contractual procedure non-performance and other breach of a contract have special importance in civil law. Good faith is a basic principle of civil law in Hungary too and in most European civil codes. The interpretation of German good faith theory (Treu und Glauben) is significant from the viewpoint of the judicial modification of contracts. In case of clausula rebus sic stantibus if the party wants to ground his or her claim, he or she has to prove the good faith as a moral standard to be an exculpation under the heavy burden of pacta sunt servanda. The conclusion is that in Germany the basic element of private contracts is not the consent of parties but good faith of them. The socially excepted moral appears through the requirement of good faith of the parties. The law has to ensure that in any period of a contractual relationship this good faith exists.
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Az iszaplerakódás sorsa a római földmérés és jog tükrében
14-19Views:70Besides legal sources, the term alluvio appears in Roman surveyors’ works and to a lesser extent in literary pieces. Chronologically, the word was used later in literary works than by surveyors and legal sources. Legal usage had definitely influenced literary usage. However, the meaning of the term had undergone some change during the word borrowing process. The Digesta and Institutiones first define the term, then deal with this doctrine in connection to usufruct, pledge, will and sale. Legal sources are well complemented and tinged by the Roman surveyors’writings, who examined the problem of alluvio from technical and legal aspects as well. For example their writings provide essential information about which parts of the Roman Empire were affected regularly by the action of rivers. The collation of sources makes it possible to examine the problem of alluvio from historical aspect as well, which is closely connected to the assessment of river bank land. It seems probable that as a result of a long process the distinction made between ager occupatorius and ager limitatus became less important from the point of view of alluvial accession.
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A személyes szabadsághoz való jog érvényesülése a Bűnvádi Perrendtartásban
Views:84In this study, first of all I am dealing with the question, how the right to personal liberty prevails in the Bűnvádi Perrendtartás, however at the beginning I would like to introduce how the law for the personal liberty formed and how it appeared in Hungary and in the international documents, so in the British, American and French law as well.
The most serious barrier of the personal liberty is the criminal law, so i find it especially important to examine that for this reason what kind of safeguards were placed into the Bűnvádi Perrendtartás.
In general it can be said that the most important guarantees of the personal liberty are found in the principles of the criminal law, for example presumption of innocence, and through this it prevails in the Bűnvádi Perrendtartás' system.
Firstable the limitation of the personal liberty has to be looked in the coercive measures, so I studied the pre-trial detention institution, that besides the basic principle what kind of safeguards were brought in by the legislature.
In the end, it can be said that the right to personal liberty influences the whole Bűnvádi Perrendtartás, and in the cases where there were limitations, they always solved it with a safeguard.
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A szülői felügyeleti jog megszüntetésének hatályos jogi szabályozása a Polgári Törvénykönyvben
12-18Views:185Being a judge practicing on the area of the law of crimes I rarely come across with the need to apply civil law. Nevertheless, a handful legal concepts may be applied also by criminal courts. One of these concepts is the termination of parental control. Before turning to relevant case analysis in my study, I focus on the principle of the "child's best interest" which is referred to under article 3 of the New York Convention on the rights of children and which has a general fundamental applicability in respect of all provisions of the Convention. This principle must apply not only in civil, but also in criminal proceedings and generally in all types of proceedings irrespective of the area of law such proceedings fall under. Special emphasis is attributed to the legal consequences of terminating parental control and to the distinction of cases where the termination of parental control by the court is mandatory and where such a decision is made in the discretion of the court. I pay separate attention to cases where the court has convicted the parent of a crime committed wilfully against the convicted person's own child and in which cases the convicted person is sentenced to prisonment and as a result of these the criminal court has competence to order the termination of parental control. I address also some issues relating to matters of proof and evidence in connection with crimes of domestic violence. Finally, I explain the nature of a child-focused jurisdiction through the presentation of the Hungarian system which ensures to respect and to give effect to the rights of children to the maximum extent possible. The ability of providing special treatment for children in court proceedings is of the utmost importance.
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A közigazgatás szervezeti változásai a szabálysértési jog fórumrendszere tükrében
Views:133The paper introduces the most recent processes taking place within the Hungarian public administration from a special aspect and follows the system of the authorities of the misdemeanor law from the 19th century to nowadays. It presents the system of the monarchy, the councils and the period after the change of regime. The Constitutional Court with its Resolution no. 63/1997 (XII. 12.) declared the dual nature of offences – being against public administration and bagatelle cases pertaining to criminal law – and although with a different legal reasoning, it prescribed the right of access to court in both cases. The mentioned separation has resulted in conceptual problems exerting their influence to this day, at the same time the majority of authors dealing with this field instead of the majority opinion accepted the concurrent explanation of László Sólyom, to which Constitutional Court Judges János Németh and Tamás Lábady also joined. In 2012, however, several important changes took place simultaneously. The new Act on Offenses shifted towards criminal law while it terminated the right of local governments to regulate offenses. In parallel with this, the Act on Local Governments at the beginning provided an opportunity for the local governments to sanction anti-social behavior which was revoked by the Constitutional Court in the same year. The paper investigates the effect of the decisions of the Constitutional Court and analyzes the opportunities of public administration within the present legal framework to apply sanctions and defines those criteria on the basis of which the legislator could settle the current situation.
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Auszüge aus den europäischen Regelungen zur Behandlung der Ehewohnung
121-139Views:109Die Regelung des Schicksals der gemeinsamen Wohnung nach der Scheidung ist unter mehreren Gesichtspunkten von Bedeutung. Neben der Tatsache, dass beide Parteien höchstwahrscheinlich emotional mit dem ehemaligen Schauplatz des Familienlebens verbunden sind, muss natürlich auch der finanzielle Faktor berücksichtigt werden, da es sich um ein wertvolles Gut handelt, das heutzutage für beide Ehepartner eine echte Bereicherung sein kann, angesichts der explodierenden Immobilienpreise. Darüber hinaus ist zu berücksichtigen, dass einer der Parteien, wenn er die Ehewohnung erhält, er nicht den Unannehmlichkeiten ausgesetzt ist, eine geeignete Wohnung zu finden, und er sein gewohntes Umfeld nicht verlassen muss. Aus all dem folgt, dass der zum Umzug gezwungene Ehegatte für diese Schwierigkeiten irgendwie entschädigt werden muss, auch wenn er nicht Eigentümer der gemeinsamen Wohnung war. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, die Rechtsvorschriften der europäischen Länder über die Nutzung der Ehewohnung im Scheidungsfall zu untersuchen und dabei typische Modelle und die wichtigsten berücksichtigten Aspekte vorzustellen. Der Zweck dieser Arbeit besteht nicht darin, die ungarischen Vorschriften zu analysieren, es wird nur zu Vergleichszwecken darauf verwiesen. Als Abschluss der Recherche soll beleuchtet werden, welche Lösung für die Gestaltung der Wohnungsnutzung im Scheidungsfall die idealste Lösung sein könnte, welche Vor- und Nachteile die einzelnen Modelle haben und ob die einzelnen Staaten die Grundsätze des Familienrechts berücksichtigen.
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Gondolatok az európai szerződési jog új irányairól
Views:56On the field of contract law the European Union started a wide legislative effect at the end of the 20th Century. Despite of the originally economic and public legal goals of the Communities recently the competence of the EC institutions conquest a major field in the area of private law. To ensure the fast and non-problematic acceptance of these directives concerning to contract law EC chose two important solutions. Most of the directives focus on the neglected area of the so-called atypical contracts (hawk contracts, e-commerce contracts, leasing contracts, factoring contracts, etc.). As these contractual forms were born in the hands of business actors, most of the European civil codes do not deal with them in an explicit way. As a gap of law this area is the best approach to create unified legal institutions in all Member States’ legislation. The other relevant factor is the law of consumer protection. This is not only a fashionable topic in Europe but a rather underdeveloped issue in – especially – the new Member States. Almost all legal institutions in the EC directives in connection with contract law contain a strong link to protecting customers. As and indirect effect, these new institutions (such as consumer’s right to withdrawal) found their ways in the national codes to be flagships applicable for all consumer contracts. This essay contains thoughts about these relevant changes in approaching contract law from the rather unique EC perspective.
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Lex-Mercatoria-Prinzipien: Ein Schlüsselkonzept in der internationalen Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit
5-27Views:84Die internationale Handelsschiedsgerichtsbarkeit ist ein Streitbeilegungsmechanismus; Dadurch wird den Streitparteien die Möglichkeit gegeben, ihre Angelegenheit außerhalb der nationalen Gerichte zu regeln. Andererseits kann die Lex Mercatoria als ein Regelwerk definiert werden, das die Gebräuche und Bräuche der Kaufleute im Mittelalter umfasst, daher die englische Bezeichnung „Merchant Law“. Nach der Globalisierung, genauer gesagt im 20. Jahrhundert, wurden beide oben genannten Konzepte entwickelt und von den meisten Rechtssystemen auf der ganzen Welt übernommen. Dieses Papier zielt darauf ab, die Lex Mercatoria zu definieren, indem es ihre Geschichte und Entwicklung untersucht und alle ihre Elemente in Angriff nimmt, um die Auswirkungen der Grundsätze der Lex Mercatoria auf internationale Handelsschiedsverfahren zu untersuchen.
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Hugo Grotius újraolvasva, avagy a „Nemzetközi jog atyja” gondolatai a XXI. század elejének nemzetközi jogában
Views:80There are several theories when the birth date of international law was. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) was the first who systematized these specific rules and raised it to a scientific level. In this essay I examine how Grotius thought about important institutions of international law and what kind of impact these considerations have to our modern age.
War cannot be seen only as an unlawful act, because most of the original human instincts can be recognized in fighting to each other. This point of view proclaims that international law does not denounce war generally. Existence of international law is important to determine the rules of warfare. To suit to the criterions of lawful war, a war should perform two requirements: opposite parties have to be main authorities in their state and both of them have to keep special formal rules during their fight. Main supremacy means that this power is absolute in its territory, so there are no other relevant human factors to limit it. In our age we have to mention that this criterion is no longer applicable without reservation, because the attack against USA on 11th September 2001 demonstrated that not only states can fight to each other.
Grotius gives importance to the reasons of war too. Three reasons exist: defence, regain possession and punishment. Defence means self-defence, which is a right for everybody to protect himself against unlawful injuries, but this solution has to be the last one. Self-defence can be applicable only if it is necessary, sudden and proportional. After the attack against USA a question was born: is it possible to protect before the real attack, when the enemy is in the period of planning an injury. This preventive self-defence is supported by USA, but UN appreciates the right to self-defence only if there is an armed attack against the state. According to Grotius reasons of war can be pretexts or real reasons. Fear of uncertainty can be a pretext for example, because it is not the most proportional instrument to avoid conflict.
Grotius examines not only ius ad bellum but ius in bellum, rights during a war. These regulations are formal obligations, which give frame to the lawful war and show direction to the opposite parties. Grotius says that there are regulations strictly from the law of nature. A great example is that every instrument can be applicable if it is necessary to reach the major aim of war. It is obvious that today this sentence is intolerable, because technical revolution created such weapons that have power to destroy a whole country suddenly. That is why certain prohibited weapons and methods of warfare exist in international treaties. Grotius deals with the problem of traitors, who support the enemy. There is a slight distinction between the nature of dispatched goods. If these goods can be used for fighting, i.e. weapons, traders are enemies too. If these goods are luxury ones, no traitors can be found. The third situation is more problematic, because if these goods can be used in and outside a war too, the exact situation has to examine to judge the intention of the party.
Groitus has interesting thoughts about prisoners. All prisoners and their descendants become slaves. It means the enemy can do anything against prisoners. By now we have certain rules how to treat with prisoners and it is a general regulation that torture and murder against prisoners is strictly prohibited.
An interesting question is in connection with the law of contracts. Hostages and pledge can be typical securities to strengthen a contract. Grotius says that killing a hostage can be lawful, but inner morals order that killing is lawful only if hostage is culpable too.
Grotius deals with the question of ministers, arranging debates. Looking through this huge work of Grotius we can say statement that he is the father of international law is not without basic and well structured reasons. Before the birth of his book, there were only rules and commentaries for national laws. Grotius extended them to a larger perspective, up to an international level.
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A tulajdonhoz való jog védelmének kialakulása
1-23Views:93Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Freiheit ist das private Eigentum. Das Privateigentum
ermöglicht den Menschen die Souveränität und Selbstentfaltung, ist eines der wichtigsten
Instituten der Marktwirtschaft. Die Fixierung von Eigentumsrecht als Grundrecht in den
Verfassungen blickt in den Ländern im Westen Europas im allgemeinem auf mehr
Jahrhunderte zurück. Nach Meinung einiger Autoren sind die Verwurzelungen des
grundrechtlichen Schutzes des Eigentums schon in biblischer Zeit entdeckbar. Die Studie
beschäftigt sich mit der Entwicklung und mit den theoretischen Grundfragen des
verfassungsrechtlichen Eigentumsschutzes. Diese Übersicht zeigt, dass der konkrete,
effiziente Eigentumsschutz in Ungarn im Vergleich zu den demokratischen Staaten
Westeuropas und den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika mehr Jahrhundert später aufgetreten
hat. Der ungarische Verfassungsgerichtshof hat das für die Rechtsstaaten charakteristisch
hohe Niveau des Eigentumschutzes ohne heimische Prämissen und Traditionen nach der
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Bestimmte privatrechtliche Aspekte des Gesetzes über die Übertragung von landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben
65-97Views:82In dieser Studie untersuche ich das Gesetz über die Übertragung von landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben, wobei ich mich auf die Bestimmungen konzentriere, die mit dem Privatrecht in Verbindung gebracht werden können. Das Gesetz wurde zur Erleichterung des Generationswechsels in der Landwirtschaft konzipiert, und ich glaube, dass Hofübergabeverträge ein wirksames Instrument für die Übertragung landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe sein können, aber es ist noch nicht bekannt, inwieweit sie genutzt werden und inwieweit sie die in gesetzten Erwartungen erfüllen werden.