Attendance of Pop and Classical Music Concerts among the Hungarian Youth

In this paper we wanted to give a comprehensive picture of capital theories from a theoretical point of view, looking at it from several angles. In our empirical study, we analyzed the Hungarian Youth Research 2016 database, which was recruited Hungarian youth aged 15-29. The study was conducted with several variables in mind, mapping the influence they have on the attendance of classical and pop music concerts. We took into account the gender, age, place of residence of the respondents, the highest level of education and looked at the frequency of the concert attendance by counties and regions. Our results show that many variables influence the frequency of attendance at concerts by both genres.


Introduction
The acquisition of incorporated cultural capital is preceded by a learning process that requires so-called training and learning time, that is, time. People acquire this kind of capital personally. Acquiring literacy is a time consuming process and sometimes involves failure and sacrifice. This kind of capital becomes a part of a person's habits. This is not a substantive right that can be transferred quickly and easily (Bourdieau, 1999).
In one study (Arthur et al, 2007), he examined the relationship between social status and cultural consumption. They realized that social status is crucial in distinguishing between consumers who are active and those who are inactive in terms of cultural consumption.
An interesting study by Bocsi (2008) was to look for the impact of economic and cultural capital on student time use. The results of this study show that students from high cultural backgrounds have a greater emphasis on learning and reading in terms of time spent than social life or the Internet. Only in the classroom attendance can other results be observed, as the attendance of the classes is lower than these students. In a later study, Bocsi (2017) examined the attitudes of university students towards high culture. In her study, there was a difference between the types of university courses. However, one of the most important results was that the variables that shape culture present in society in the normal sense do not work in the field of campuses.
In their study, Pavluska et al (2018) examined the cultural attitudes and behavior of the Hungarian population aged 16-74, as well as their characteristics related to the conditions and means of cultural participation. Online respondents rated the importance of culture more favorably, and in their case, participation rates in each program, reading habits, and purchases of cultural products also indicate that they are more actively involved in different areas of cultural consumption than those interviewed in person. Andor (1999) examined books as an indicator of cultural capital. The study compares the size of schooling and family libraries. At that time, a greater number of students graduated from high school in 1998, whose home library contained more books. There was a significant difference in the number of admitted and rejected students, as well as in the number of admitted students to a university or college. During the research, he mentioned that the fact that a child goes on to a secondary or vocational secondary school after a primary school is already a determining factor. The number of students in upper secondary school goes to higher education institutions more than students of the other type of school. Observations have also suggested that families with a greater cultural capital will also seek greater cultural capital for their children, so it is no accident that they continue their education in high school. If we observe the two types of school, we can see that the home library of high school graduates is much richer than that of vocational secondary school students. In the research, she also looked at high schools, since not all of them provide the same training. Here, too, it has emerged that higher-educated parents send their children to an elite high school. The difference in library size can also be observed here. The home library of children attending such schools contains more books than a student at a lower secondary school. The lower the level of education, the lower the number of volumes in the family.
Definitions of human capital were collected in a study by Csuka (n.d). It explains that human capital and investment in human capital are closely linked, because both can be linked to the acquisition and expansion of knowledge. His analyzes have highlighted the need for significant human capital investment in education. Skills and knowledge have a major influence on improving productivity and the income of a country. The quality of human capital can also be influenced by the family and society, but it has the greatest impact on formal education.
In a previous study Szucs (2017) has addressed the issue during a Debrecen study. Then the examination of cultural capital has led to the conclusion that children and friends of music are much more receptive to high culture than their peers. In terms of economic capital, the results were rather balanced. Later, she also explored this topic in a research into music learning. All three types of capital were the subject of the study, i.e. economic, social and cultural capital. The study of economic capital showed that if the family had a better objective financial situation, they would have almost doubled their access to music education. In contrast, the subjective material situation had a negative effect on this. From a social capital point of view, the results of the study showed that for intact families, where the family is religious, the chances of getting into music learning are also double. Here's the explanation, where both parents are present, it's easier than just one. According to the results, the number of siblings also has a slight influence on admission. At least two brothers are mentioned in the study. In the study of cultural capital, the Author formed three groups based on Bourdieu. It capitalized on school education, capitalized on machinery, books and pictures, and incorporated cultural capital on the organization's lasting skills. The study showed a positive impact in terms of education if parents had a diploma. Within this, especially the education of the mother is very decisive. Within the capitalized capital, the size of the home library was also examined. According to the results, where the library size is larger than 20 shelves, there is a quadruple chance of getting into music education. Within the third group, home music, singing and cultural consumption habits were examined. The results showed that home singing has a greater effect than home music. Cultural consumption was the aspect that seemed most influential. Here the effect is more than ten times greater. Overall, however, it turned out that all three types of capital have a significant impact on access to music education, but above all, the impact of cultural capital can be observed (Szucs, 2018). Regarding the relationship between high culture and music, most teachers, music educators and scholars agree that in order to develop an active inclusive attitude, music inclusion needs to be taught because most people are involved in the process throughout their lives (Varadi, 2018).

Research design and Methods
In our study, we look for the factors that influence the attendance of light and classical music concerts within cultural consumption and within it. We assumed that attending pop music concerts was more engaging than attending classical music concerts.
In our empirical study we seek answers to the following questions: 1. What cultural events are young people most interested in? 2. Is there a connection between attending concerts in pop and classical music and gender, age, education, place of residence, region and religion?
Our hypotheses are as follows: 1. We assume that most people are interested in lighter cultural genres. 2. It is assumed that there is a significant relationship between the variables studied and the frequency of attending concerts of pop and classical music genres.
In our study we analyzed the Hungarian Youth Research 2016 database. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, where basic statistics and crosstab analyzes were performed. The complete database was used for sampling (n = 8015). The sample includes Hungarian young people aged 15-29. During the analysis, we cleaned the database and removed the missing elements. First, we conducted a general analysis of the frequency of attendance at various cultural events. Then, during the cross-table analyzes, we examined the attendance of the already mentioned light music and classical music concerts, looking for different influencing factors.

Results
The first figure shows the attendance frequency of the two major cultural events examined in this study. Concerning the frequency of concerts and exhibition visits, it is striking that pop music concerts are the most frequently visited. Classical music concerts are the least attractive to young people. 86.2% of those surveyed almost never attend concerts of this type. In terms of museum visits, 24.7% of the sample visit museums at least once a year, while only 8.6% attend classical music concerts. In the next phase of the study, we only examined the attendance of serious and light music by looking at different background variables. The first is the relationship between the gender of the interviewees and the attendance at the concert. The result is shown in Figure 2. Significant results were obtained after evaluating the results, which show a slight difference (a couple of percent difference) in classical music (p = 0.000), but girls attend classical music concerts slightly more than boys. When examining light music, we cannot notice a very big difference in the data, but there is a significant result here (p = 0.01) for boys. They attend light music concerts more often than girls. All in all, however, both are not nearly as interested in the two concert types. Our second factor is the relationship between age and concert visits. In this case, the age groups were divided into 3 groups. The age groups were as follows: 15-19 years, 20-24 years and 25-29 years. No significant correlation was found between the attendance of classical music concerts and age. Significant results were found between attending pop music concerts and age (p = 0.000). The 20-24 year-olds are the ones most attending these concerts. This may be due to the fact that this age group is spending their university years and has the opportunity to go to several such events organized by the university. At least 38.3% of those surveyed attend concerts every year. At the very least, the 25-29 age group is present at these events, although there is no striking difference. As a next step, we examined the relationship between the highest level of education and the frequency of attending classical and pop music concerts. In this case too, we narrowed our qualifications to three categories: basic, intermediate and advanced. Significant results were obtained for both types of concerts. Concerning classical music (p = 0.000), it is clear that the higher the level of education, the more often one attends classical music concerts. 17.6% of those with a tertiary education attend classical music concerts several times a year, while only 5.2% of those with a primary education. These results are illustrated in Figure 4.  Figure 5 illustrates the relationship between educational attainment and frequency of attending pop music concerts. Significant results were also obtained in this case (p = 0.000). The results show that those with higher education also attend this type of concert more often than those with lower education. If we compare the results with classical music, we find that attendance at pop music concerts is higher. While 47.6% of tertiary education never several times a year 2-3 times a month several times a month graduates attend concerts every year, 17.6% of those with a high school qualification already attend classical music concerts. Those with higher education, so-called intellectuals, are likely to be more interested in serious and light music concerts than those with lower education. The next area of our analysis is the relationship between settlement types and the frequency of visits to the two types of concerts. The types of settlements were analyzed in 4 categories: Budapest, city / county seat, city, village.  Considering the settlement type and the attendance of classical and light music concerts, significant results were obtained (p = 0.000), moreover, that the type of settlement is decisive in this respect. Whether in pop or classical music, in both cases, people in the capital are more likely to go to these concerts, and the smaller the settlement types, the less frequent the concerts are. The reason for this is certainly that those living in larger settlements have more opportunities than those living in smaller settlements.
Examining the regions also yielded significant results for both genres. In terms of classical music (p = 0.000), the Southern Great Plain region and the Central Hungary region are the most frequently visited by young people for classical music concerts, and the Southern Great Plain region is slightly more advanced in this frequency. Figure 8. % of regional and classical music concerts attendance.
Source: Hungarian Youth Research 2016, Own editing Figure 9 shows the frequency of attending concerts by region by region. This result is also significant (p = 0.000). The survey showed that young people often attend concerts in Western Transdanubia, while young people do the least in Northern Hungary. Religiousness and frequency of classical music visits showed significant results (p = 0.006). Among the young people surveyed, those who cannot decide whether they are religious (90.7%) and those who are nonreligious (87.6%) can be seen not attending classical music concerts. In contrast, religious young people (9.8%) attend classical music concerts at least every two to three months. Religious upbringing can also be an explanation for this issue. Pop music shows opposite results to classical music (p = 0.000). More than half of religious young people (51%) do not attend light music concerts, whereas this genre is more popular among non-religious young people and attends at least every two to three months (11.9%). Growing up in a religious family has a positive effect on access to music education. (Szucs,2018). Thus, a religious young person is probably more interested in classical music than a non-religious one. It may be that these young people also learned music at a younger age, for example.

Discussion
Our first question was what were the most visited cultural events or venues among young people. Our assumption was that they were more interested in lighter genres. This is confirmed by the fact that the frequency of attendance is led by multiplex cinema and light music concerts. Our second hypothesis was also proved, with one exception. Gender did not determine attendance at classical music concerts. The younger generations tend to attend pop music concerts more often. Classical music is preferred by the older generation. In terms of schooling, both of these genres are attended by highly educated people. In terms of settlements, the smaller the settlement, the less young people attend serious or light music concerts. This may also be due to the fact that in larger settlements young people have more opportunities. In terms of classical music, the attendance is higher in the Central Hungarian region and the Southern Great Plain region. These venues are likely to have more festivals and concerts like this than other regions. Religion, too, has proven to be associated with concert attendance.

Conclusions
In our study we analyzed the Hungarian Youth Research 2016 database. We briefly reviewed the concept and characteristics of cultural capital, and looked at the relationship between arts education and capital types. Of course, we would like to expand the theoretical aspects in the future. We described the area under study and the methods and tools used to do so. We started the data analysis with an analysis without background variables, where we looked at the frequency with which young people aged 15-29 in the database visit cultural events and venues. It turned out that Hungarian young people most often go to multiplex cinemas, while they go to opera the least. We then looked at the frequency of attending classical and light music concerts, with several variables included in the study. Our analysis has shown that there is a correlation between the variables involved and the attendance of serious and light music concerts. In one case, we did not get significant results, which was the frequency of attending boys and classical music concerts in terms of gender. In terms of religion, those attending classical music concerts are more religious than those attending light music concerts. In the future, we would like to stay on this line and later designate students in higher education as the focus of our study. An interesting question for the future is what the cultural consumption and the whole culture of a young person mean today. 1.